Question 1

The ectoderm gives rise to

Accepted Answer

A)  the lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, pancreas, and liver. 
B)  the nervous system, including the eyes and ears. 
C)  structures derived from skin, such as hair, feathers, nails, or claws. 
D)  heart, blood vessels, muscle, and bones. 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  the lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, pancreas, and liver. 
B)  the nervous system, including the eyes and ears. 
C)  structures derived from skin, such as hair, feathers, nails, or claws. 
D)  heart, blood vessels, muscle, and bones. 
E)  Both b and c

Question 2

In humans, the amnion forms from the

Accepted Answer

A)  hypoblast. 
B)  epiblast. 
C)  chorion. 
D)  trophoblast. 
E)  yolk sac. 
A)  hypoblast. 
B)  epiblast. 
C)  chorion. 
D)  trophoblast. 
E)  yolk sac.

Question 3

Refer to the diagram below, showing tissue transplantation in salamander embryos. Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The distribution of the transcription factor $\beta$-catenin in the late blastula corresponds to the transplanted piece of tissue. 
B)  The transplanted piece of tissue stimulates a second site of gastrulation. 
C)  The transplanted piece of tissue is capable of inducing an entire second embryo. 
D)  The transplanted piece of tissue is from the dorsal lip of the blastopore. 
E)  The piece of tissue is transplanted to the dorsal lip of the blastopore. 
A)  The distribution of the transcription factor $\beta$-catenin in the late blastula corresponds to the transplanted piece of tissue. 
B)  The transplanted piece of tissue stimulates a second site of gastrulation. 
C)  The transplanted piece of tissue is capable of inducing an entire second embryo. 
D)  The transplanted piece of tissue is from the dorsal lip of the blastopore. 
E)  The piece of tissue is transplanted to the dorsal lip of the blastopore.

Question 4

Refer to the diagram below. What is the correct sequence of development of a frog embryo?

Accepted Answer

A)  A, B, C, D 
B)  A, C, B, D 
C)  C, D, B, A 
D)  D, C, B, A 
E)  D, C, A, B 
A)  A, B, C, D 
B)  A, C, B, D 
C)  C, D, B, A 
D)  D, C, B, A 
E)  D, C, A, B

Question 5

The mesoderm contributes tissue to the

Accepted Answer

A)  skin, hair, and nails. 
B)  lining of the digestive tract. 
C)  lining of the respiratory tract. 
D)  heart. 
E)  neurons of the neural tube. 
A)  skin, hair, and nails. 
B)  lining of the digestive tract. 
C)  lining of the respiratory tract. 
D)  heart. 
E)  neurons of the neural tube.

Question 6

The mesoderm of the vertebrate embryo is programmed to produce forelegs rather than hind legs by

Accepted Answer

A)  Noggin. 
B)  progestin levels. 
C)  Hox genes. 
D)  the spacing of somites in the embryo. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Noggin. 
B)  progestin levels. 
C)  Hox genes. 
D)  the spacing of somites in the embryo. 
E)  None of the above

Question 7

Which of the following does not occur during cleavage in frogs?

Accepted Answer

A)  A high rate of mitosis 
B)  Reduction in the size of cells 
C)  Expression of genes critical for blastula formation 
D)  Orientation of cleavage planes at right angles 
E)  Unequal division of cytoplasmic determinants 
A)  A high rate of mitosis 
B)  Reduction in the size of cells 
C)  Expression of genes critical for blastula formation 
D)  Orientation of cleavage planes at right angles 
E)  Unequal division of cytoplasmic determinants

Question 8

In the graph below, which of the following represents (1) the curve that describes the changes in ratio of nuclear volume to cytoplasmic volume during the cleavage stage of development; and (2) the correct statement about the changes in size of the blastomeres during that stage?

Accepted Answer

A)  Curve A; blastomeres decrease in size 
B)  Curve B; blastomeres decrease in size 
C)  Curve C; blastomeres decrease in size 
D)  Curve A; blastomeres increase in size 
E)  Curve C; blastomeres increase in size 
A)  Curve A; blastomeres decrease in size 
B)  Curve B; blastomeres decrease in size 
C)  Curve C; blastomeres decrease in size 
D)  Curve A; blastomeres increase in size 
E)  Curve C; blastomeres increase in size

Question 9

The somites are derived from _______ tissue.

Accepted Answer

A)  mesoderm 
B)  parenchyma 
C)  ectoderm 
D)  endoderm 
E)  neural 
A)  mesoderm 
B)  parenchyma 
C)  ectoderm 
D)  endoderm 
E)  neural

Question 10

Fertilization involves all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  equal contributions of cell organelles from sperm and egg. 
B)  joining of sperm and egg haploid nuclei. 
C)  induction of rearrangements of the egg cytoplasm. 
D)  sperm binding to specific sites on the egg surface. 
E)  metabolic activation of the egg. 
A)  equal contributions of cell organelles from sperm and egg. 
B)  joining of sperm and egg haploid nuclei. 
C)  induction of rearrangements of the egg cytoplasm. 
D)  sperm binding to specific sites on the egg surface. 
E)  metabolic activation of the egg.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the respective contributions of the sperm and egg to the zygote is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sperm contributes most of the organelles. 
B)  The egg contributes most of the cytoplasm. 
C)  Both the sperm and the egg contribute a haploid nucleus. 
D)  The sperm contributes a centriole, which becomes the centrosome of the zygote. 
E)  All of the above are false. 
A)  The sperm contributes most of the organelles. 
B)  The egg contributes most of the cytoplasm. 
C)  Both the sperm and the egg contribute a haploid nucleus. 
D)  The sperm contributes a centriole, which becomes the centrosome of the zygote. 
E)  All of the above are false.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about fertilization is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The egg contributes a centriole. 
B)  The union of a haploid sperm and a haploid egg produces a diploid zygote. 
C)  The egg and sperm contribute their cell components equally. 
D)  Development can progress normally only if the egg or sperm contributes its nuclei. 
E)  Nearly all of the cytoplasm comes from the sperm. 
A)  The egg contributes a centriole. 
B)  The union of a haploid sperm and a haploid egg produces a diploid zygote. 
C)  The egg and sperm contribute their cell components equally. 
D)  Development can progress normally only if the egg or sperm contributes its nuclei. 
E)  Nearly all of the cytoplasm comes from the sperm.

Question 13

A body plan consisting of repeating segments, which are modified during development into structures such as vertebrae, ribs, and muscles, depends on modification of early developmental structures called

Accepted Answer

A)  interneurons. 
B)  neural crest cells. 
C)  parenchyma. 
D)  somites. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  interneurons. 
B)  neural crest cells. 
C)  parenchyma. 
D)  somites. 
E)  None of the above

Question 14

Which of the following feature a body plan with re­peating segments (somites) that are modified during development into structures such as nerves, ribs, and muscles?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vertebrates 
B)  Jellyfish 
C)  Arthropods 
D)  Flatworms 
E)  Both a and c 
A)  Vertebrates 
B)  Jellyfish 
C)  Arthropods 
D)  Flatworms 
E)  Both a and c

Question 15

Compare the trophoblast and inner cell mass of the human blastocyst with respect to function. From which of the two do embryonic stem cells come from?

Accepted Answer

The trophoblast secretes enzymes that al

Question 16

During the second trimester of pregnancy in humans,

Accepted Answer

A)  the blastocyst implants in the uterine lining. 
B)  the fetal internal organs mature. 
C)  the fetal digestive system starts to function. 
D)  the fetal brain undergoes cycles of sleep and waking. 
E)  limbs of the fetus elongate, and fingers and toes become well formed. 
A)  the blastocyst implants in the uterine lining. 
B)  the fetal internal organs mature. 
C)  the fetal digestive system starts to function. 
D)  the fetal brain undergoes cycles of sleep and waking. 
E)  limbs of the fetus elongate, and fingers and toes become well formed.

Question 17

Which of the following represents the correct order of the germ layers, from the inside to the outside?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm 
B)  Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm 
C)  Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm 
D)  Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm 
E)  Mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm 
A)  Mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm 
B)  Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm 
C)  Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm 
D)  Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm 
E)  Mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm

Question 18

The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation in frogs results from

Accepted Answer

A)  movement of cells from the surface layer to the interior. 
B)  migration of cells within the blastocoel. 
C)  formation of columnar cells at the vegetal pole. 
D)  rapid cell division. 
E)  migration of secondary mesenchyme cells. 
A)  movement of cells from the surface layer to the interior. 
B)  migration of cells within the blastocoel. 
C)  formation of columnar cells at the vegetal pole. 
D)  rapid cell division. 
E)  migration of secondary mesenchyme cells.

Question 19

An infant is born with a nervous system that does not include a forebrain. This is due to the failure of anterior neural fold defects and is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  spina bifida. 
B)  anencephaly. 
C)  Down syndrome. 
D)  Tay-Sachs disease. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  spina bifida. 
B)  anencephaly. 
C)  Down syndrome. 
D)  Tay-Sachs disease. 
E)  None of the above

Question 20

Which of the following statements about complete cleavage versus incomplete cleavage is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Incomplete cleavage occurs in species with small volumes of cytoplasm. 
B)  Complete cleavage is found in mammals and is the more evolved characteristic. 
C)  Incomplete cleavage occurs in species with large amounts of yolk. 
D)  Complete cleavage occurs only in eggs that have been fertilized by two sperm. 
E)  Incomplete cleavage occurs in species with small amounts of yolk. 
A)  Incomplete cleavage occurs in species with small volumes of cytoplasm. 
B)  Complete cleavage is found in mammals and is the more evolved characteristic. 
C)  Incomplete cleavage occurs in species with large amounts of yolk. 
D)  Complete cleavage occurs only in eggs that have been fertilized by two sperm. 
E)  Incomplete cleavage occurs in species with small amounts of yolk.

Exam 44: Animal Development

The ectoderm gives rise to

In humans, the amnion forms from the

Refer to the diagram below, showing tissue transplantation in salamander embryos. Which of the following statements is false?

Refer to the diagram below. What is the correct sequence of development of a frog embryo?

The mesoderm contributes tissue to the

The mesoderm of the vertebrate embryo is programmed to produce forelegs rather than hind legs by

Which of the following does not occur during cleavage in frogs?

In the graph below, which of the following represents (1) the curve that describes the changes in ratio of nuclear volume to cytoplasmic volume during the cleavage stage of development; and (2) the correct statement about the changes in size of the blastomeres during that stage?

The somites are derived from _______ tissue.

Fertilization involves all of the following except

Which of the following statements about the respective contributions of the sperm and egg to the zygote is false?

Which of the following statements about fertilization is true?

A body plan consisting of repeating segments, which are modified during development into structures such as vertebrae, ribs, and muscles, depends on modification of early developmental structures called

Which of the following feature a body plan with re­peating segments (somites) that are modified during development into structures such as nerves, ribs, and muscles?

Compare the trophoblast and inner cell mass of the human blastocyst with respect to function. From which of the two do embryonic stem cells come from?

During the second trimester of pregnancy in humans,

Which of the following represents the correct order of the germ layers, from the inside to the outside?

The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation in frogs results from

An infant is born with a nervous system that does not include a forebrain. This is due to the failure of anterior neural fold defects and is an example of

Which of the following statements about complete cleavage versus incomplete cleavage is true?

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Which of the following feature a body plan with repeating segments (somites) that are modified during development into structures such as nerves, ribs, and muscles?