Question 1

Which patients are prone to K+ depletion and hypokalemia?
1) Postsurgical patients
2) Those with renal disease
3) Trauma victims

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3 
A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3 D

Question 2

How is the gram-equivalent (gEq) weight of a substance computed?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dividing its gram atomic weight by its valence 
B)  Dividing its valence by its gram atomic weight 
C)  Multiplying its atomic number times its atomic weight 
D)  Multiplying its gram atomic weight times its valence 
A)  Dividing its gram atomic weight by its valence 
B)  Dividing its valence by its gram atomic weight 
C)  Multiplying its atomic number times its atomic weight 
D)  Multiplying its gram atomic weight times its valence A

Question 3

Symptoms of hypercalcemia would include which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Depression 
B)  Diarrhea 
C)  Hyperactive tendon reflexes 
D)  Muscle fasciculation 
A)  Depression 
B)  Diarrhea 
C)  Hyperactive tendon reflexes 
D)  Muscle fasciculation A

Question 4

Which of the following are major extracellular electrolytes?
1) Cl-
2) HCO3-
3) K+
4) Na+

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 2, and 3 only 
B) 2, 3, and 4 only 
C) 1, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, and 4 only 
A) 1, 2, and 3 only 
B) 2, 3, and 4 only 
C) 1, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, and 4 only

Question 5

If a patient's pH were to drop from 7.40 to 7.10, the H+ concentration will increase by how much?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.2 
B)  0.3 
C)  0.5 
D)  0.10 
A)  0.2 
B)  0.3 
C)  0.5 
D)  0.10

Question 6

An adult's insensible water loss averages what level?

Accepted Answer

A)  300 ml/day 
B)  500 ml/day 
C)  700 ml/day 
D)  900 ml/day 
A)  300 ml/day 
B)  500 ml/day 
C)  700 ml/day 
D)  900 ml/day

Question 7

You prepare a solution by combining 5 g of glucose with 95 g of water. What type of solution are you making?

Accepted Answer

A)  Normal 
B)  Percent 
C)  Ratio 
D)  Weight/volume 
A)  Normal 
B)  Percent 
C)  Ratio 
D)  Weight/volume

Question 8

The alveolar interstitial region of the lungs remains relatively "dry" primarily because of what?

Accepted Answer

A)  Low capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B)  Low capillary osmotic pressure 
C)  Low capillary permeability 
D)  Low interstitial osmotic pressure 
A)  Low capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B)  Low capillary osmotic pressure 
C)  Low capillary permeability 
D)  Low interstitial osmotic pressure

Question 9

Which of the following describes serum Ca2+?

Accepted Answer

A)  Approximately 30% of the serum Ca2+ is ionized and combined with plasma anions. 
B)  Acidemia decreases the serum levels of ionized Ca2+. 
C)  More than half of the serum Ca2+ is nonionized and bound to plasma albumin. 
D)  Serum Ca2+ is present in three forms: ionized, protein bound, and complex. 
A)  Approximately 30% of the serum Ca2+ is ionized and combined with plasma anions. 
B)  Acidemia decreases the serum levels of ionized Ca2+. 
C)  More than half of the serum Ca2+ is nonionized and bound to plasma albumin. 
D)  Serum Ca2+ is present in three forms: ionized, protein bound, and complex.

Question 10

Which answer best describes the relationship between K+ movement and acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Excess extracellular H+ ions are exchanged for intracellular K+. 
B)  Extracellular acidosis results in serum hypokalemia. 
C)  Low-K+ diets are required following nasogastric suctioning. 
D)  When the extracellular pH rises, K+ moves out of the cells. 
A)  Excess extracellular H+ ions are exchanged for intracellular K+. 
B)  Extracellular acidosis results in serum hypokalemia. 
C)  Low-K+ diets are required following nasogastric suctioning. 
D)  When the extracellular pH rises, K+ moves out of the cells.

Question 11

Which of the following describes an aspect of pH?

Accepted Answer

A)  Any solution with a pH of 7.0 is neutral. 
B)  A pH of 7.0 describes an acidotic solution. 
C)  A pH change from 7.0 to 8.0 equals a two-fold increase in H+ ion concentration. 
D)  The pH is the log of the OH- ion concentration. 
A)  Any solution with a pH of 7.0 is neutral. 
B)  A pH of 7.0 describes an acidotic solution. 
C)  A pH change from 7.0 to 8.0 equals a two-fold increase in H+ ion concentration. 
D)  The pH is the log of the OH- ion concentration.

Question 12

What best describes an aspect of the movement of fluid and solutes between the capillaries and the interstitial space?

Accepted Answer

A)  At the tissue level, osmotic pressure tends to draw water into the interstitial space. 
B)  Electrolytes move freely across the capillary wall into the interstitium. 
C)  The capillary and interstitial hydrostatic pressures are approximately equal. 
D)  The interstitial fluid has a relatively high protein concentration. 
A)  At the tissue level, osmotic pressure tends to draw water into the interstitial space. 
B)  Electrolytes move freely across the capillary wall into the interstitium. 
C)  The capillary and interstitial hydrostatic pressures are approximately equal. 
D)  The interstitial fluid has a relatively high protein concentration.

Question 13

What are normal values for serum Mg2+?

Accepted Answer

A)  1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L 
B)  3.5 to 4.8 mEq/L 
C)  9.0 to 10.5 mEq/L 
D)  98.0 to 105.0 mEq/L 
A)  1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L 
B)  3.5 to 4.8 mEq/L 
C)  9.0 to 10.5 mEq/L 
D)  98.0 to 105.0 mEq/L

Question 14

What does the Donnan effect describe?

Accepted Answer

A)  How Cl- exchanges for HCO3- in RBCs at the tissue level. 
B)  How proteins attract cations, which increase capillary osmotic pressure. 
C)  Relationship between colloidal osmotic pressure and fluid movement at tissue. 
D)  Relationship between osmotic and hydrostatic pressure at the capillary. 
A)  How Cl- exchanges for HCO3- in RBCs at the tissue level. 
B)  How proteins attract cations, which increase capillary osmotic pressure. 
C)  Relationship between colloidal osmotic pressure and fluid movement at tissue. 
D)  Relationship between osmotic and hydrostatic pressure at the capillary.

Question 15

Clinical symptoms of hyponatremia would include which of the following?
1) Headache
2) Bradycardia
3) Hypotension
4) Weakness

Accepted Answer

A) 3 only 
B) 2 and 4 only 
C) 1, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
A) 3 only 
B) 2 and 4 only 
C) 1, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 16

The most common causes of acute hyponatremia include:
1) postoperative iatrogenic causes.
2) not drinking enough water.
3) self-induced due to water intoxication.
4) not eating enough foods containing sodium.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 3 
B) 2 and 3 
C) 1, 2, and 4 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
A) 1 and 3 
B) 2 and 3 
C) 1, 2, and 4 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 17

Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys is governed mainly by the level of what hormone?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  Angiotensin 
D)  Insulin 
A)  ADH 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  Angiotensin 
D)  Insulin

Question 18

What establishes the capillary colloidal osmotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Presence of electrolytes in plasma 
B)  Presence of plasma proteins in blood 
C)  Presence of RBCs in whole blood 
D)  Presence of WBCs in whole blood 
A)  Presence of electrolytes in plasma 
B)  Presence of plasma proteins in blood 
C)  Presence of RBCs in whole blood 
D)  Presence of WBCs in whole blood

Question 19

Hyponatremia can lead to which of the following problems?
1) Impaired cognitive function
2) Negative effects on gait stability
3) Renal insufficiency
4) Cerebral edema

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 3 only 
B) 2 and 3 only 
C) 1, 2, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
A) 1 and 3 only 
B) 2 and 3 only 
C) 1, 2, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 20

What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cardiac arrest 
B)  Metabolic alkalosis 
C)  Renal failure 
D)  Respiratory acidosis 
A)  Cardiac arrest 
B)  Metabolic alkalosis 
C)  Renal failure 
D)  Respiratory acidosis

Exam 13: Solutions, Body Fluids, and Electrolytes

Which patients are prone to K+ depletion and hypokalemia? 1) Postsurgical patients 2) Those with renal disease 3) Trauma victims

How is the gram-equivalent (gEq) weight of a substance computed?

Symptoms of hypercalcemia would include which of the following?

Which of the following are major extracellular electrolytes? 1) Cl- 2) HCO3- 3) K+ 4) Na+

If a patient's pH were to drop from 7.40 to 7.10, the H+ concentration will increase by how much?

An adult's insensible water loss averages what level?

You prepare a solution by combining 5 g of glucose with 95 g of water. What type of solution are you making?

The alveolar interstitial region of the lungs remains relatively "dry" primarily because of what?

Which of the following describes serum Ca2+?

Which answer best describes the relationship between K+ movement and acid-base balance?

Which of the following describes an aspect of pH?

What best describes an aspect of the movement of fluid and solutes between the capillaries and the interstitial space?

What are normal values for serum Mg2+?

What does the Donnan effect describe?

Clinical symptoms of hyponatremia would include which of the following? 1) Headache 2) Bradycardia 3) Hypotension 4) Weakness

The most common causes of acute hyponatremia include: 1) postoperative iatrogenic causes. 2) not drinking enough water. 3) self-induced due to water intoxication. 4) not eating enough foods containing sodium.

Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys is governed mainly by the level of what hormone?

What establishes the capillary colloidal osmotic pressure?

Hyponatremia can lead to which of the following problems? 1) Impaired cognitive function 2) Negative effects on gait stability 3) Renal insufficiency 4) Cerebral edema

What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia?

History of Respiratory Care

Delivering Evidence-Based Respiratory Care

Quality, Patient Safety, and Communication, and Recordkeeping

Principles of Infection Prevention and Control

Ethical and Legal Implications of Practice

Physical Principles of Respiratory Care

E-Medicine in Respiratory Care

Fundamentals of Respiratory Care Research

The Respiratory System

The Cardiovascular System

Ventilation

Gas Exchange and Transport

Acid-Base Balance

Regulation of Breathing

Bedside Assessment of the Patient

Interpreting Clinical and Laboratory Data

Interpreting the Electrocardiogram

Analysis and Monitoring of Gas Exchange

Pulmonary Function Testing

Review of Thoracic Imaging

Flexible Bronchoscopy and the Respiratory Therapist

Nutrition Assessment

Pulmonary Infections

Obstructive Lung Disease: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Copd, Asthma, and Related Diseases

Interstitial Lung Disease

Pleural Diseases

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Trauma, Burns and Near Drowning

Lung Cancer

Neuromuscular and Other Diseases of the Chest Wall

Disorders of Sleep

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Disorders

Airway Pharmacology

Airway Management

Emergency Cardiovascular Life Support

Humidity and Bland Aerosol Therapy

Aerosol Drug Therapy

Storage and Delivery of Medical Gases

Medical Gas Therapy

Lung Expansion Therapy

Airway Clearance Therapy Act

Respiratory Failure and the Need for Ventilatory Support

Mechanical Ventilators

Physiology of Ventilatory Support

Patient Ventilator Interaction

Initiating and Adjusting Invasive Ventilatory Support

Noninvasive Ventilation

Extracorporeal Life Support Ecls

Monitoring the Patient in the Intensive Care Unit

Discontinuing Ventilatory Support

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care

Patient Education and Health Promotion

Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

Respiratory Care in Alternative Settings

Filters

Which patients are prone to K⁺ depletion and hypokalemia? 1) Postsurgical patients 2) Those with renal disease 3) Trauma victims

Which of the following are major extracellular electrolytes? 1) Cl^- 2) HCO₃^- 3) K⁺ 4) Na⁺

If a patient's pH were to drop from 7.40 to 7.10, the H⁺ concentration will increase by how much?

Which of the following describes serum Ca²⁺?

Which answer best describes the relationship between K⁺ movement and acid-base balance?

What are normal values for serum Mg²⁺?

Na⁺ reabsorption in the kidneys is governed mainly by the level of what hormone?