Question 1

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
1) In the arch of the aorta
2) In the bifurcations of carotid arteries
3) On the ventrolateral surfaces of the medulla

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 2 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1 and 3 only 
A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 2 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1 and 3 only A

Question 2

What is the response of a patient with chronic hypercapnia to a sudden acute rise in carbon dioxide?

Accepted Answer

A)  In almost all of these patients, there will be no response. 
B)  The patient's drive to breathe will be increased. 
C)  This will further depress his or her respiratory centers. 
D)  This will induce apnea and sudden death. 
A)  In almost all of these patients, there will be no response. 
B)  The patient's drive to breathe will be increased. 
C)  This will further depress his or her respiratory centers. 
D)  This will induce apnea and sudden death. B

Question 3

Which respond more rapidly to high levels of CO2?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aortic chemoreceptors 
B)  Carotid chemoreceptors 
C)  Central chemoreceptors 
D)  Ventral respiratory centers 
A)  Aortic chemoreceptors 
B)  Carotid chemoreceptors 
C)  Central chemoreceptors 
D)  Ventral respiratory centers B

Question 4

The pneumotaxic center controls which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Response to changes in blood pH and PCO2 
B)  Rhythm of the full breathing cycle 
C)  When inspiration switches off (the inspiratory time) 
D)  When inspiration switches on (the expiratory time) 
A)  Response to changes in blood pH and PCO2 
B)  Rhythm of the full breathing cycle 
C)  When inspiration switches off (the inspiratory time) 
D)  When inspiration switches on (the expiratory time)

Question 5

Sensory input to the dorsal respiratory neurons from the lungs, airways, and peripheral chemoreceptors is provided via which nerves?
1) Glossopharyngeal
2) Phrenic
3) Vagus
4) Trigeminal

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1, 2, and 4 only 
C) 1 and 3 only 
D) 2 and 3 only 
A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1, 2, and 4 only 
C) 1 and 3 only 
D) 2 and 3 only

Question 6

Biot's respiration is most frequently observed in patients with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Congestive heart failure 
B)  Increased intracranial pressure 
C)  Metabolic acidosis 
D)  Peripheral nerve disorders 
A)  Congestive heart failure 
B)  Increased intracranial pressure 
C)  Metabolic acidosis 
D)  Peripheral nerve disorders

Question 7

Which statement(s) describe aspects of the Hering-Breuer reflex?
1) It affects the rate and depth of breathing during exercise.
2) It is only activated at large tidal volumes in normal adults.
3) Its impulses travel via the vagus nerve to the dorsal respiratory groups (DRGs).
4) Its receptors are located in the large and small airways.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 2, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 2, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 8

Stimulation of the irritant receptors in the lung can result in which of the following?
1) Bronchoconstriction
2) Coughing
3) Narrowing of the glottis

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 1, 2, and 3 
D) 1 and 2 only 
A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 1, 2, and 3 
D) 1 and 2 only

Question 9

In the face of chronically elevated levels of CO2, what happens to the response mediated by the central chemoreceptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is accentuated or increased. 
B)  It is muted or decreased. 
C)  There is no change in the response. 
D)  There is no way to predict the body's response. 
A)  It is accentuated or increased. 
B)  It is muted or decreased. 
C)  There is no change in the response. 
D)  There is no way to predict the body's response.

Question 10

In patients with closed-head injuries, what may happen in the presence of hypercapnia?

Accepted Answer

A)  High CO2 increases the risk of psychotic events. 
B)  High CO2 levels cause cerebral vasodilation and improved oxygenation. 
C)  Severe cerebral vasoconstriction results in anoxia and stroke. 
D)  Vasodilation causes increased intracranial pressure and possibly stops blood flow. 
A)  High CO2 increases the risk of psychotic events. 
B)  High CO2 levels cause cerebral vasodilation and improved oxygenation. 
C)  Severe cerebral vasoconstriction results in anoxia and stroke. 
D)  Vasodilation causes increased intracranial pressure and possibly stops blood flow.

Question 11

What does apneustic breathing indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Damage to the cerebrum 
B)  Damage to the pons 
C)  Spinal cord transaction 
D)  Vagal nerve damage 
A)  Damage to the cerebrum 
B)  Damage to the pons 
C)  Spinal cord transaction 
D)  Vagal nerve damage

Question 12

While observing a patient's breathing, you note that the depth and rate first increase, then decrease, followed by a period of apnea. Which of the following terms would you use in charting this observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Apneustic breathing 
B)  Biot's breathing 
C)  Cheyne-Stokes breathing 
D)  Paradoxical breathing 
A)  Apneustic breathing 
B)  Biot's breathing 
C)  Cheyne-Stokes breathing 
D)  Paradoxical breathing

Question 13

Both anemia and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can cause severe hypoxia, yet neither condition results in a major stimulation of breathing. Why is this so?

Accepted Answer

A)  The peripheral chemoreceptors do not respond to low O2 content. 
B)  Anemia and CO poisoning depresses the peripheral chemoreceptors. 
C)  Anemia and CO poisoning depresses the central chemoreceptors. 
D)  Anemia and CO cause stagnant hypoxia, not hypoxemia. 
A)  The peripheral chemoreceptors do not respond to low O2 content. 
B)  Anemia and CO poisoning depresses the peripheral chemoreceptors. 
C)  Anemia and CO poisoning depresses the central chemoreceptors. 
D)  Anemia and CO cause stagnant hypoxia, not hypoxemia.

Question 14

What has the primary responsibility for sensing and responding to changes in blood levels of CO2?

Accepted Answer

A)  Apneustic centers 
B)  Central chemoreceptors 
C)  Peripheral chemoreceptors 
D)  Pneumotaxic center 
A)  Apneustic centers 
B)  Central chemoreceptors 
C)  Peripheral chemoreceptors 
D)  Pneumotaxic center

Question 15

What is the effect when the deflation reflex is stimulated?

Accepted Answer

A)  A strong inspiratory effort 
B)  Expiration is initiated 
C)  Cuts off all inspiratory signals 
D)  Stimulates the termination of expiration 
A)  A strong inspiratory effort 
B)  Expiration is initiated 
C)  Cuts off all inspiratory signals 
D)  Stimulates the termination of expiration

Question 16

Which of the following can cause laryngospasm and bradycardia through a vagovagal reflex?
1) Bronchoscopy
2) Endotracheal intubation
3) Tracheal suctioning

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 1, 2, and 3 
D) 1 and 2 only 
A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 1, 2, and 3 
D) 1 and 2 only

Question 17

What happens in chronic hypercapnia?
1) The central chemoreceptive response to CO2 is decreased.
2) The cerebrospinal fluid pH is restored to normal.
3) Responsiveness to increased CO2 is decreased.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3 
A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 18

Which of the following can be stimulated by pulmonary J receptors?
1) Edema
2) Inflammatory processes
3) Pulmonary vascular congestion

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 only 
C) 1 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3 
A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 only 
C) 1 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 19

Where are the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the brain found?

Accepted Answer

A)  Broca's area 
B)  Neurons in the cerebellum 
C)  Pons 
D)  No such centers exist 
A)  Broca's area 
B)  Neurons in the cerebellum 
C)  Pons 
D)  No such centers exist

Question 20

Which of the following causes hypoxic stimulation of the carotid bodies?
1) Large decrease in arterial PO2
2) Large decrease in O2 content
3) CO poisoning

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 1, 2, and 3 
D) 1 and 3 only 
A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 1, 2, and 3 
D) 1 and 3 only

Exam 15: Regulation of Breathing

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located? 1) In the arch of the aorta 2) In the bifurcations of carotid arteries 3) On the ventrolateral surfaces of the medulla

What is the response of a patient with chronic hypercapnia to a sudden acute rise in carbon dioxide?

Which respond more rapidly to high levels of CO2?

The pneumotaxic center controls which of the following?

Sensory input to the dorsal respiratory neurons from the lungs, airways, and peripheral chemoreceptors is provided via which nerves? 1) Glossopharyngeal 2) Phrenic 3) Vagus 4) Trigeminal

Biot's respiration is most frequently observed in patients with which of the following?

Stimulation of the irritant receptors in the lung can result in which of the following? 1) Bronchoconstriction 2) Coughing 3) Narrowing of the glottis

In the face of chronically elevated levels of CO2, what happens to the response mediated by the central chemoreceptors?

In patients with closed-head injuries, what may happen in the presence of hypercapnia?

What does apneustic breathing indicate?

While observing a patient's breathing, you note that the depth and rate first increase, then decrease, followed by a period of apnea. Which of the following terms would you use in charting this observation?

Both anemia and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can cause severe hypoxia, yet neither condition results in a major stimulation of breathing. Why is this so?

What has the primary responsibility for sensing and responding to changes in blood levels of CO2?

What is the effect when the deflation reflex is stimulated?

Which of the following can cause laryngospasm and bradycardia through a vagovagal reflex? 1) Bronchoscopy 2) Endotracheal intubation 3) Tracheal suctioning

What happens in chronic hypercapnia? 1) The central chemoreceptive response to CO2 is decreased. 2) The cerebrospinal fluid pH is restored to normal. 3) Responsiveness to increased CO2 is decreased.

Which of the following can be stimulated by pulmonary J receptors? 1) Edema 2) Inflammatory processes 3) Pulmonary vascular congestion

Where are the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the brain found?

Which of the following causes hypoxic stimulation of the carotid bodies? 1) Large decrease in arterial PO2 2) Large decrease in O2 content 3) CO poisoning

History of Respiratory Care

Delivering Evidence-Based Respiratory Care

Quality, Patient Safety, and Communication, and Recordkeeping

Principles of Infection Prevention and Control

Ethical and Legal Implications of Practice

Physical Principles of Respiratory Care

E-Medicine in Respiratory Care

Fundamentals of Respiratory Care Research

The Respiratory System

The Cardiovascular System

Ventilation

Gas Exchange and Transport

Solutions, Body Fluids, and Electrolytes

Acid-Base Balance

Bedside Assessment of the Patient

Interpreting Clinical and Laboratory Data

Interpreting the Electrocardiogram

Analysis and Monitoring of Gas Exchange

Pulmonary Function Testing

Review of Thoracic Imaging

Flexible Bronchoscopy and the Respiratory Therapist

Nutrition Assessment

Pulmonary Infections

Obstructive Lung Disease: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Copd, Asthma, and Related Diseases

Interstitial Lung Disease

Pleural Diseases

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Trauma, Burns and Near Drowning

Lung Cancer

Neuromuscular and Other Diseases of the Chest Wall

Disorders of Sleep

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Disorders

Airway Pharmacology

Airway Management

Emergency Cardiovascular Life Support

Humidity and Bland Aerosol Therapy

Aerosol Drug Therapy

Storage and Delivery of Medical Gases

Medical Gas Therapy

Lung Expansion Therapy

Airway Clearance Therapy Act

Respiratory Failure and the Need for Ventilatory Support

Mechanical Ventilators

Physiology of Ventilatory Support

Patient Ventilator Interaction

Initiating and Adjusting Invasive Ventilatory Support

Noninvasive Ventilation

Extracorporeal Life Support Ecls

Monitoring the Patient in the Intensive Care Unit

Discontinuing Ventilatory Support

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care

Patient Education and Health Promotion

Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

Respiratory Care in Alternative Settings

Filters

Which respond more rapidly to high levels of CO₂?

In the face of chronically elevated levels of CO₂, what happens to the response mediated by the central chemoreceptors?

What has the primary responsibility for sensing and responding to changes in blood levels of CO₂?

What happens in chronic hypercapnia? 1) The central chemoreceptive response to CO₂ is decreased. 2) The cerebrospinal fluid pH is restored to normal. 3) Responsiveness to increased CO₂ is decreased.

Which of the following causes hypoxic stimulation of the carotid bodies? 1) Large decrease in arterial PO₂ 2) Large decrease in O₂ content 3) CO poisoning