Question 1

Figure 53.11  
-According to Figure 53.11,a species has the highest chance of extinction when _____.

Accepted Answer

A) the island is large and close to the mainland 
B) the island is small and close to the mainland 
C) the island is large and remote 
D) the island is small and remote 
A) the island is large and close to the mainland 
B) the island is small and close to the mainland 
C) the island is large and remote 
D) the island is small and remote

Question 2

If two species are close competitors,and one species is experimentally removed from the community,the remaining species would be expected to _____.

Accepted Answer

A) eventually become competitively superior to the other species 
B) change its fundamental niche 
C) decline in abundance 
D) become the target of specialized parasites 
E) expand its realized niche 
A) eventually become competitively superior to the other species 
B) change its fundamental niche 
C) decline in abundance 
D) become the target of specialized parasites 
E) expand its realized niche

Question 3

Figure 53.4  
-Based on Figure 53.4,what result would you expect if you replaced the crabs with broken mussel shells?

Accepted Answer

A) the same result as the experiment with crabs 
B) no difference in shell thickness 
C) a higher degree of difference than the crab experiment 
D) impossible to hypothesize 
A) the same result as the experiment with crabs 
B) no difference in shell thickness 
C) a higher degree of difference than the crab experiment 
D) impossible to hypothesize

Question 4

Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics.As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates,birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants.What is the specific benefit relationship?

Accepted Answer

A) Birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants. 
B) Birds benefit from the association and harm the ants. 
C) Birds and ants benefit from the association. 
D) Birds do not benefit from the association,but the ants do. 
E) Neither birds nor ants benefit from the association. 
A) Birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants. 
B) Birds benefit from the association and harm the ants. 
C) Birds and ants benefit from the association. 
D) Birds do not benefit from the association,but the ants do. 
E) Neither birds nor ants benefit from the association.

Question 5

Figure 53.8  
-Looking at the results in Figure 53.8,which hypothesis (by Clements or Gleason)is supported by the data?

Accepted Answer

A) Clements 
B) Gleason 
C) both 
D) neither 
A) Clements 
B) Gleason 
C) both 
D) neither

Question 6

Bouchard and Brooks studied the effect of insect flight on dispersal and speciation in rain forest insects.They sampled all of the insects in the study area and found that 60 insect species are flightless and 19 are macropterous (able to fly).What can you conclude so far about this study?
(P)Bouchard and D.R.Brooks.2004.Effect of vagility potential on dispersal and speciation in rainforest insects.Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17:
994-1006. )

Accepted Answer

A) Flightless insects have a greater dispersal potential from this study area. 
B) Flightless insects are more numerous in the study area. 
C) Flightless insects have a higher diversity in the study area. 
D) Flightless insects are better suited for the tropics. 
E) These data do not lead to a conclusion. 
A) Flightless insects have a greater dispersal potential from this study area. 
B) Flightless insects are more numerous in the study area. 
C) Flightless insects have a higher diversity in the study area. 
D) Flightless insects are better suited for the tropics. 
E) These data do not lead to a conclusion.

Question 7

Figure 53.3  
-In Figure 53.3,which species is the stronger competitor?

Accepted Answer

A) species 1 
B) species 2 
C) Both species compete equally. 
D) It is not possible to tell from this figure. 
A) species 1 
B) species 2 
C) Both species compete equally. 
D) It is not possible to tell from this figure.

Question 8

People with at least one copy of the HLA-B53 gene are better able to beat back malarial infections before the infection progresses.If this is a coevolutionary arms race between Plasmodium and humans,what would the next step in this race be?

Accepted Answer

A) to see humans with more than one copy of the HLA-B53 gene 
B) to see humans without the HLA-B53 gene 
C) to see Plasmodium populations that counter the HLA-B53 gene 
D) to see Plasmodium populations that have the HLA-B53 gene 
E) to see a mutation in the HLA-B53 gene that makes it more effective against malarial infections 
A) to see humans with more than one copy of the HLA-B53 gene 
B) to see humans without the HLA-B53 gene 
C) to see Plasmodium populations that counter the HLA-B53 gene 
D) to see Plasmodium populations that have the HLA-B53 gene 
E) to see a mutation in the HLA-B53 gene that makes it more effective against malarial infections

Question 9

Which of the following is not an example of a mutualism?

Accepted Answer

A) fungi residing in plant roots,such as endomycorrhizae 
B) bacteria fixing nitrogen in plants 
C) rancher ants that protect aphids in exchange for sugar-rich honeydew 
D) birds eating insects jumping out of the path of army ants 
E) birds eating insects on the bodies of giraffes 
A) fungi residing in plant roots,such as endomycorrhizae 
B) bacteria fixing nitrogen in plants 
C) rancher ants that protect aphids in exchange for sugar-rich honeydew 
D) birds eating insects jumping out of the path of army ants 
E) birds eating insects on the bodies of giraffes

Question 10

During a 1-year study,researchers found no difference in treehopper populations in any of their control and experimental groups.What could they measure during the second year to gain information about why this might have occurred?

Accepted Answer

A) Measure the number of ant females. 
B) Measure the relative sizes of the treehoppers. 
C) Measure the relative abundance of jumping spiders. 
D) Measure the success of treehoppers with a different ant species. 
A) Measure the number of ant females. 
B) Measure the relative sizes of the treehoppers. 
C) Measure the relative abundance of jumping spiders. 
D) Measure the success of treehoppers with a different ant species.

Question 11

Which would be the best way to directly test the hypothesis that C.stellatus (a species of barnacle)is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B.balanoides (another species of barnacle)?

Accepted Answer

A) Place individuals of each species in a jar and see which species survives. 
B) Remove all B.balanoides from the lower intertidal zone. 
C) Transplant B.balanoides to the upper intertidal zone. 
D) Clear rocks in an entire area and document recolonization events. 
E) Remove all C.stellatus from the upper tidal zone. 
A) Place individuals of each species in a jar and see which species survives. 
B) Remove all B.balanoides from the lower intertidal zone. 
C) Transplant B.balanoides to the upper intertidal zone. 
D) Clear rocks in an entire area and document recolonization events. 
E) Remove all C.stellatus from the upper tidal zone.

Question 12

Figure 53.5  
-In Figure 53.5,which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) All of the species of insects shown are in the order Hymenoptera. 
B) There are no true mimics in the insects shown. 
C) All of the insects are displaying Batesian mimicry. 
D) Half of the insects shown are harmless. 
A) All of the species of insects shown are in the order Hymenoptera. 
B) There are no true mimics in the insects shown. 
C) All of the insects are displaying Batesian mimicry. 
D) Half of the insects shown are harmless.

Question 13

In the hypothesis that C.stellatus (a species of barnacle)is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B.balanoides (another species of barnacle),what could be concluded about the two species?

Accepted Answer

A) The fundamental and realized niches of B.balanoides and C.stellatus are both identical. 
B) The fundamental and realized niches of B.balanoides and C.stellatus are both different. 
C) The fundamental and realized niches of B.balanoides are different,but the fundamental and realized niches of C.stellatus are identical. 
D) The fundamental and realized niches of B.balanoides are identical,but the fundamental and realized niches of C.stellatus are different. 
A) The fundamental and realized niches of B.balanoides and C.stellatus are both identical. 
B) The fundamental and realized niches of B.balanoides and C.stellatus are both different. 
C) The fundamental and realized niches of B.balanoides are different,but the fundamental and realized niches of C.stellatus are identical. 
D) The fundamental and realized niches of B.balanoides are identical,but the fundamental and realized niches of C.stellatus are different.

Question 14

Which hypothesis supports the observation that herbivores do not generally eat all of the available plants?

Accepted Answer

A) top-down control hypothesis 
B) poor nutrition hypothesis 
C) plant-defense hypothesis 
D) a combination of all of the above 
E) none of the above 
A) top-down control hypothesis 
B) poor nutrition hypothesis 
C) plant-defense hypothesis 
D) a combination of all of the above 
E) none of the above

Question 15

Figure 53.9  
-In Figure 53.9,which community has the highest species richness?

Accepted Answer

A) Community 1 
B) Community 2 
C) Community 3 
D) Community 4 
E) Communities 2 and 4 
A) Community 1 
B) Community 2 
C) Community 3 
D) Community 4 
E) Communities 2 and 4

Question 16

What is the main difference between a disturbance and a disturbance regime?

Accepted Answer

A) A disturbance regime includes defining the predictable frequency and severity of the disturbance. 
B) A disturbance regime includes defining the length of the disturbance. 
C) A disturbance regime is a more specific type of disturbance. 
D) They are essentially the same thing. 
A) A disturbance regime includes defining the predictable frequency and severity of the disturbance. 
B) A disturbance regime includes defining the length of the disturbance. 
C) A disturbance regime is a more specific type of disturbance. 
D) They are essentially the same thing.

Question 17

Figure 53.11  
-Which of the following statements regarding Figure 53.11 is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Immigration rates are higher on smaller islands. 
B) Extinction rates are highest on large islands close to the mainland. 
C) Species richness should be higher on larger islands close to mainland. 
D) Species diversity should be highest on larger islands away from mainland. 
A) Immigration rates are higher on smaller islands. 
B) Extinction rates are highest on large islands close to the mainland. 
C) Species richness should be higher on larger islands close to mainland. 
D) Species diversity should be highest on larger islands away from mainland.

Question 18

Figure 53.10  
-In Figure 53.10,what can be stated about species diversity and latitude?

Accepted Answer

A) As latitude increases,diversity decreases. 
B) As latitude decreases,diversity decreases. 
C) Species diversity is independent of latitude. 
D) Species diversity and latitude cannot be compared using this figure. 
A) As latitude increases,diversity decreases. 
B) As latitude decreases,diversity decreases. 
C) Species diversity is independent of latitude. 
D) Species diversity and latitude cannot be compared using this figure.

Question 19

While traveling in Texas,you stumble across a snake with red,yellow,and black bands.You somehow remember that this could be a poisonous coral snake or a harmless milk snake,but you forget how to differentiate them because they both have similar colors and banding patterns.You wisely decide not to pick up the snake.What defense was successful in preventing you from grabbing the snake?

Accepted Answer

A) constitutive defense 
B) Müllerian mimicry 
C) Batesian mimicry 
D) inducible defenses 
E) none of the above 
A) constitutive defense 
B) Müllerian mimicry 
C) Batesian mimicry 
D) inducible defenses 
E) none of the above

Exam 53: Community Ecology

Figure 53.11 -According to Figure 53.11,a species has the highest chance of extinction when _____.

If two species are close competitors,and one species is experimentally removed from the community,the remaining species would be expected to _____.

Figure 53.4 -Based on Figure 53.4,what result would you expect if you replaced the crabs with broken mussel shells?

Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics.As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates,birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants.What is the specific benefit relationship?

Figure 53.8 -Looking at the results in Figure 53.8,which hypothesis (by Clements or Gleason)is supported by the data?

Figure 53.3 -In Figure 53.3,which species is the stronger competitor?

People with at least one copy of the HLA-B53 gene are better able to beat back malarial infections before the infection progresses.If this is a coevolutionary arms race between Plasmodium and humans,what would the next step in this race be?

Which of the following is not an example of a mutualism?

During a 1-year study,researchers found no difference in treehopper populations in any of their control and experimental groups.What could they measure during the second year to gain information about why this might have occurred?

Which would be the best way to directly test the hypothesis that C.stellatus (a species of barnacle)is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B.balanoides (another species of barnacle)?

Figure 53.5 -In Figure 53.5,which of the following statements is true?

In the hypothesis that C.stellatus (a species of barnacle)is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B.balanoides (another species of barnacle),what could be concluded about the two species?

Which hypothesis supports the observation that herbivores do not generally eat all of the available plants?

Figure 53.9 -In Figure 53.9,which community has the highest species richness?

What is the main difference between a disturbance and a disturbance regime?

Figure 53.11 -Which of the following statements regarding Figure 53.11 is true?

Figure 53.10 -In Figure 53.10,what can be stated about species diversity and latitude?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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