Question 1

If alternative splicing did not occur,a prediction would be that _____.

Accepted Answer

A) the human genome would contain many more genes 
B) the yeast genome would contain many fewer genes 
C) there would be little correlation between the complexity of organisms and genome size 
D) there would be many fewer genes devoted to metabolism in Arabidopsis and yeast 
E) there would be many fewer genes devoted to DNA replication and modification in humans 
A) the human genome would contain many more genes 
B) the yeast genome would contain many fewer genes 
C) there would be little correlation between the complexity of organisms and genome size 
D) there would be many fewer genes devoted to metabolism in Arabidopsis and yeast 
E) there would be many fewer genes devoted to DNA replication and modification in humans A

Question 2

A DNA microarray is a tool that owes its existence to earlier genomics investigations.What essential contribution of genomics makes microarrays possible?

Accepted Answer

A) recently improved RNA sequencing technologies 
B) continuously improving methods of gene cloning 
C) more efficient techniques for cDNA synthesis 
D) knowledge of which DNA sequences to synthesize for the array 
E) the concept that hybridization between single-stranded nucleic acids can be used as a means of identifying any DNA sequence 
A) recently improved RNA sequencing technologies 
B) continuously improving methods of gene cloning 
C) more efficient techniques for cDNA synthesis 
D) knowledge of which DNA sequences to synthesize for the array 
E) the concept that hybridization between single-stranded nucleic acids can be used as a means of identifying any DNA sequence D

Question 3

In what sense are studies by 19th-century naturalists and those by early 21st-century genomic biologists similar?

Accepted Answer

A) Both focus narrowly on the underlying mechanisms of biology. 
B) Both use evolutionary theory to guide their work. 
C) Both take a reductionist approach by studying only one small part of a complex system. 
D) Both focus on observing and describing what exists in their realms of investigation. 
E) Both constantly strive to create theoretical frameworks in which to understand their findings. 
A) Both focus narrowly on the underlying mechanisms of biology. 
B) Both use evolutionary theory to guide their work. 
C) Both take a reductionist approach by studying only one small part of a complex system. 
D) Both focus on observing and describing what exists in their realms of investigation. 
E) Both constantly strive to create theoretical frameworks in which to understand their findings. D

Question 4

Which of the following makes it difficult to identify eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

A) the proteins are larger in eukaryotes than prokaryotes 
B) the coding portions of genes are longer in eukaryotes than prokaryotes 
C) the lack of analogy between eukaryotic genes 
D) the presence of many introns 
A) the proteins are larger in eukaryotes than prokaryotes 
B) the coding portions of genes are longer in eukaryotes than prokaryotes 
C) the lack of analogy between eukaryotic genes 
D) the presence of many introns

Question 5

In eukaryotes,the major mechanism of introducing new genes into the genome is _____.

Accepted Answer

A) duplication and divergence 
B) lateral gene transfer 
C) pseudogene creation 
D) pseudogene restoration 
E) unequal crossing over at microsatellite repeats 
A) duplication and divergence 
B) lateral gene transfer 
C) pseudogene creation 
D) pseudogene restoration 
E) unequal crossing over at microsatellite repeats

Question 6

Even though bacteria are more simple than eukaryotes,genomic data on bacteria was surprising because _____.

Accepted Answer

A) very few species contain plasmids 
B) there is only one copy of each gene present within a bacterial genome 
C) there are many genes of unknown function 
D) bacterial genomes are always contained on a single circular chromosome 
E) there is almost no difference between the genomes of diverse bacteria 
A) very few species contain plasmids 
B) there is only one copy of each gene present within a bacterial genome 
C) there are many genes of unknown function 
D) bacterial genomes are always contained on a single circular chromosome 
E) there is almost no difference between the genomes of diverse bacteria

Question 7

Like DNA microarrays,Northern blots analyze the levels of mRNA.However,Northern blots are almost always prepared with a probe tagged with one label,whereas DNA microarrays almost always use two groups of probes,each one tagged with a different fluorescent label.What advantage is conferred by using two labels for the microarray probes?

Accepted Answer

A) The two labels increase the sensitivity of the microarray. 
B) The two labels allow the analysis of the expression of more genes. 
C) The two labels allow simultaneous assay of levels of DNA and RNA. 
D) The two labels allow comparison of gene expression between two samples. 
E) Probing the array with two labels is equivalent to doing two experiments at once. 
A) The two labels increase the sensitivity of the microarray. 
B) The two labels allow the analysis of the expression of more genes. 
C) The two labels allow simultaneous assay of levels of DNA and RNA. 
D) The two labels allow comparison of gene expression between two samples. 
E) Probing the array with two labels is equivalent to doing two experiments at once.

Question 8

In comparing DNA sequences from two different eukaryotic organisms,which do you expect to vary the most?

Accepted Answer

A) sequences that code for exons 
B) sequences that code for introns 
C) sequences that code for a polypeptide 
D) sequences that regulate transcription 
E) sequences that code for micro-RNAs 
A) sequences that code for exons 
B) sequences that code for introns 
C) sequences that code for a polypeptide 
D) sequences that regulate transcription 
E) sequences that code for micro-RNAs

Question 9

The following table from the Venter et al.paper presents the numbers of different types of genes discovered in this study.
  
-Refer to the paragraph on the Venter et al.paper and Table 20.1 Because DNAs for sequencing were chosen at random with no way of knowing which organism they came from,how could genes be identified?

Accepted Answer

A) by searching for ORFs,especially those with translation start and stop sites 
B) by searching for similarity between predicted ORFs and those in existing databases 
C) by searching for exons bounded by consensus donor and acceptor splice sites (those that mark exon/intron boundaries) 
D) by searching for ORFs,particularly those with translation start and stop sites,as well as for similarity between predicted ORFs and those in existing databases 
E) by searching for ORFs,particularly those with translation start and stop sites;for similarity between predicted ORFs and those in existing databases;and for exons bounded by consensus donor and acceptor splice sites (those that mark exon/intron boundaries) 
A) by searching for ORFs,especially those with translation start and stop sites 
B) by searching for similarity between predicted ORFs and those in existing databases 
C) by searching for exons bounded by consensus donor and acceptor splice sites (those that mark exon/intron boundaries) 
D) by searching for ORFs,particularly those with translation start and stop sites,as well as for similarity between predicted ORFs and those in existing databases 
E) by searching for ORFs,particularly those with translation start and stop sites;for similarity between predicted ORFs and those in existing databases;and for exons bounded by consensus donor and acceptor splice sites (those that mark exon/intron boundaries)

Question 10

-Refer to the paragraph on the Venter et al.paper.Why would any sequence assembly program be written so as to ignore repeated sequences?

Accepted Answer

A) These sequences are too unreliable to consider. 
B) These sequences are too hard to obtain to justify the effort. 
C) These sequences are too short to be useful for assembly. 
D) These sequences are difficult to place within an assembly. 
A) These sequences are too unreliable to consider. 
B) These sequences are too hard to obtain to justify the effort. 
C) These sequences are too short to be useful for assembly. 
D) These sequences are difficult to place within an assembly.

Question 11

In establishing paternity by DNA fingerprinting,what proportion of microsatellite repeat alleles in a child come from the father?

Accepted Answer

A) only ones on the X chromosome 
B) 1/4 
C) 1/2 
D) 3/4 
A) only ones on the X chromosome 
B) 1/4 
C) 1/2 
D) 3/4

Question 12

A scientist needs to find a collaborating scientist to help her with organizing a large amount of sequence data from the genome of a previously unsequenced and rare plant.This scientist should find a collaborator who specializes in _____,

Accepted Answer

A) proteomics 
B) functional genomics 
C) evolutionary genomics 
D) bioinformatics 
A) proteomics 
B) functional genomics 
C) evolutionary genomics 
D) bioinformatics

Question 13

-Refer to the paragraph on the Venter et al.paper.Why was it necessary to modify the standard sequence assembly algorithms when analyzing DNAs from many different pooled species?

Accepted Answer

A) Sequencing techniques had improved sufficiently that obtaining accurate repetitive sequences was no longer a technical challenge. 
B) Sequence-read lengths of repetitive DNA had increased sufficiently by the time of the Venter et al.work that they were almost as long as the sequences from nonrepetitive DNA were. 
C) DNAs from abundant organisms would occur frequently in the sample,making them look like repetitive DNAs. 
D) DNAs from the largest organisms would occur infrequently in the sample,making them look like repetitive DNAs. 
A) Sequencing techniques had improved sufficiently that obtaining accurate repetitive sequences was no longer a technical challenge. 
B) Sequence-read lengths of repetitive DNA had increased sufficiently by the time of the Venter et al.work that they were almost as long as the sequences from nonrepetitive DNA were. 
C) DNAs from abundant organisms would occur frequently in the sample,making them look like repetitive DNAs. 
D) DNAs from the largest organisms would occur infrequently in the sample,making them look like repetitive DNAs.

Question 14

-What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Accepted Answer

A) the number of genes characteristic of a species 
B) the patterns of alternative splicing 
C) the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type 
D) the levels of mRNAs present in a particular cell type 
E) the movement of transposable elements within the genome 
A) the number of genes characteristic of a species 
B) the patterns of alternative splicing 
C) the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type 
D) the levels of mRNAs present in a particular cell type 
E) the movement of transposable elements within the genome

Question 15

Why are transposable elements considered to be selfish genes?

Accepted Answer

A) They have multiple promoters. 
B) They require multiple RNA polymerases for transcription. 
C) They replicate using the host's resources without direct benefit to the host. 
D) They do not produce mRNA. 
A) They have multiple promoters. 
B) They require multiple RNA polymerases for transcription. 
C) They replicate using the host's resources without direct benefit to the host. 
D) They do not produce mRNA.

Question 16

If the sequence of a cDNA matches a DNA sequence in the genome,then this genomic DNA is likely to _____.

Accepted Answer

A) code for a protein 
B) code for a ribozyme 
C) code for an rRNA 
D) be part of an intron 
E) be a regulatory sequence 
A) code for a protein 
B) code for a ribozyme 
C) code for an rRNA 
D) be part of an intron 
E) be a regulatory sequence

Question 17

LINES transposable elements are closely related to _____.

Accepted Answer

A) plasmids 
B) retroviruses 
C) poliovirus 
D) restriction enzymes 
E) DNA polymerase 
A) plasmids 
B) retroviruses 
C) poliovirus 
D) restriction enzymes 
E) DNA polymerase

Question 18

Mutations that occur in one member of a gene pair that arose from gene duplication may create _____.

Accepted Answer

A) a pseudogene 
B) a gene with a new function 
C) a gene family with two distinct but related members 
D) both a gene with a new function and a pseudogene 
E) a pseudogene,a gene with a new function,and a gene family with two distinct but related members 
A) a pseudogene 
B) a gene with a new function 
C) a gene family with two distinct but related members 
D) both a gene with a new function and a pseudogene 
E) a pseudogene,a gene with a new function,and a gene family with two distinct but related members

Question 19

The following table from the Venter et al.paper presents the numbers of different types of genes discovered in this study.
  
-Refer to the paragraph on the Venter et al.paper and Table 20.1 How do you think putative genes were placed into the categories shown in the preceding table?

Accepted Answer

A) by searching for ORFs,especially those with translation start and stop sites 
B) by searching for matches,especially of the predicted gene products,with previously identified gene products of known function 
C) by expressing the cloned genes in E.coli and then running biochemical analyses of the products 
D) all of the above 
A) by searching for ORFs,especially those with translation start and stop sites 
B) by searching for matches,especially of the predicted gene products,with previously identified gene products of known function 
C) by expressing the cloned genes in E.coli and then running biochemical analyses of the products 
D) all of the above

Question 20

Sequencing eukaryotic genomes is more difficult than sequencing genomes of bacteria or archaea because of _____.

Accepted Answer

A) the large size of eukaryotic proteins 
B) the hard to find proteins 
C) the high proportion of G-C base pairs in eukaryotic DNA 
D) the large size of eukaryotic genomes and the large amount of eukaryotic repetitive DNA 
E) the large size of eukaryotic genomes,the large amount of eukaryotic repetitive DNA,and the high proportion of G-C base pairs in eukaryotic DNA 
A) the large size of eukaryotic proteins 
B) the hard to find proteins 
C) the high proportion of G-C base pairs in eukaryotic DNA 
D) the large size of eukaryotic genomes and the large amount of eukaryotic repetitive DNA 
E) the large size of eukaryotic genomes,the large amount of eukaryotic repetitive DNA,and the high proportion of G-C base pairs in eukaryotic DNA

Exam 20: Genomics

If alternative splicing did not occur,a prediction would be that _____.

A DNA microarray is a tool that owes its existence to earlier genomics investigations.What essential contribution of genomics makes microarrays possible?

In what sense are studies by 19th-century naturalists and those by early 21st-century genomic biologists similar?

Which of the following makes it difficult to identify eukaryotic genes?

In eukaryotes,the major mechanism of introducing new genes into the genome is _____.

Even though bacteria are more simple than eukaryotes,genomic data on bacteria was surprising because _____.

In comparing DNA sequences from two different eukaryotic organisms,which do you expect to vary the most?

-Refer to the paragraph on the Venter et al.paper.Why would any sequence assembly program be written so as to ignore repeated sequences?

In establishing paternity by DNA fingerprinting,what proportion of microsatellite repeat alleles in a child come from the father?

A scientist needs to find a collaborating scientist to help her with organizing a large amount of sequence data from the genome of a previously unsequenced and rare plant.This scientist should find a collaborator who specializes in _____,

-Refer to the paragraph on the Venter et al.paper.Why was it necessary to modify the standard sequence assembly algorithms when analyzing DNAs from many different pooled species?

-What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Why are transposable elements considered to be selfish genes?

If the sequence of a cDNA matches a DNA sequence in the genome,then this genomic DNA is likely to _____.

LINES transposable elements are closely related to _____.

Mutations that occur in one member of a gene pair that arose from gene duplication may create _____.

The following table from the Venter et al.paper presents the numbers of different types of genes discovered in this study. -Refer to the paragraph on the Venter et al.paper and Table 20.1 How do you think putative genes were placed into the categories shown in the preceding table?

Sequencing eukaryotic genomes is more difficult than sequencing genomes of bacteria or archaea because of _____.

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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