Question 1

What is the charge on the inside of a plant cell plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A) positive 
B) negative 
C) neutral 
A) positive 
B) negative 
C) neutral B

Question 2

What soil composition would be best for availability of nutrients,water,and root development?

Accepted Answer

A) equal amounts of sand,clay,and humus 
B) higher proportion of humus,lower amounts of clay and sand 
C) higher proportion of clay,lower amounts of humus and sand 
D) higher proportion of sand,lower amount of humus and clay 
A) equal amounts of sand,clay,and humus 
B) higher proportion of humus,lower amounts of clay and sand 
C) higher proportion of clay,lower amounts of humus and sand 
D) higher proportion of sand,lower amount of humus and clay B

Question 3

What type of soil contains the highest amount of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

A) clay 
B) sand 
C) gravel 
D) silt 
A) clay 
B) sand 
C) gravel 
D) silt C

Question 4

Which criteria allow biologists to divide chemicals into macronutrients and micronutrients?

Accepted Answer

A) molecular weight of element or compound 
B) the quantities required by plants 
C) how they are used in metabolism 
D) whether or not they are essential for plant growth 
E) all of the above 
A) molecular weight of element or compound 
B) the quantities required by plants 
C) how they are used in metabolism 
D) whether or not they are essential for plant growth 
E) all of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is the most energy-demanding process?

Accepted Answer

A) reduction of N₂ to NH₃ 
B) reduction of NO₃⁻ to NH₃ 
C) nitrification of NH₃ to NO₂⁻ 
D) nitrification of NO₂⁻ to NO₃⁻ 
E) denitrification of NO₃⁻ to N₂ 
A) reduction of N₂ to NH₃ 
B) reduction of NO₃⁻ to NH₃ 
C) nitrification of NH₃ to NO₂⁻ 
D) nitrification of NO₂⁻ to NO₃⁻ 
E) denitrification of NO₃⁻ to N₂

Question 6

What is the trade-off in nutrient availability concerning clay soils?

Accepted Answer

A) Anions are less likely to leach out of the soil but difficult for plants to extract. 
B) Cations are less likely to leach out of soil but are difficult for plants to extract. 
C) high in anion concentration,but clay soils do not hold water well so anions leach away 
D) high in both anions and cations,but low pH makes root uptake of ions difficult 
A) Anions are less likely to leach out of the soil but difficult for plants to extract. 
B) Cations are less likely to leach out of soil but are difficult for plants to extract. 
C) high in anion concentration,but clay soils do not hold water well so anions leach away 
D) high in both anions and cations,but low pH makes root uptake of ions difficult

Question 7

Figure 38.2
  
-The IRT1 gene is responsible for most of the iron uptake activity in roots (Vert et al. ,Plant Cell 14 [2002]:
1223-33).To determine the specificity of the IRT1 transporter in Arabidopsis plants,researchers measured the concentration of manganese,zinc,copper,and cobalt contained in wild-type and irt1-1 mutant plants.What conclusions about IRT1 specificity can you draw from the above data?

Accepted Answer

A) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is highly specific for Fe. 
B) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is important for the transport of iron and copper. 
C) IRT1 is important for the transport of iron and copper independent of iron concentration. 
D) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is necessary for the transport of iron,zinc,manganese,and cobalt. 
E) IRT1 participates in the transport of iron,zinc,manganese,and cobalt independent of iron concentration. 
A) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is highly specific for Fe. 
B) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is important for the transport of iron and copper. 
C) IRT1 is important for the transport of iron and copper independent of iron concentration. 
D) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is necessary for the transport of iron,zinc,manganese,and cobalt. 
E) IRT1 participates in the transport of iron,zinc,manganese,and cobalt independent of iron concentration.

Question 8

Soil leaching can cause nutrient deficiencies in the soil.Which is not a symptom of nutrient deficiency in plants?

Accepted Answer

A) chlorosis 
B) necrosis of meristems 
C) excess storage of chlorophyll 
D) small internodes 
A) chlorosis 
B) necrosis of meristems 
C) excess storage of chlorophyll 
D) small internodes

Question 9

Why do plants use cotransporters instead of ion channels to transfer anions into cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the membrane potential gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
B) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the concentration gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
C) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the proton gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
D) Anions are too bulky to be transported by ion channels. 
A) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the membrane potential gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
B) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the concentration gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
C) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the proton gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
D) Anions are too bulky to be transported by ion channels.

Question 10

Researchers are interested in improving crop plants to enable them to form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.What genes would you need to transfer to a plant that does not associate with rhizobia to enable it to do so?

Accepted Answer

A) genes responsible for the synthesis of flavonoids and receptor for Nod factors 
B) genes responsible for the synthesis of Nod factors and receptor for flavonoids 
C) receptor for Nod factors and leghemoglobin gene 
D) genes responsible for the synthesis of Nod factors and receptor for flavonoids and leghemoglobin gene 
E) None of the above is sufficient,since many more genes need to be transferred. 
A) genes responsible for the synthesis of flavonoids and receptor for Nod factors 
B) genes responsible for the synthesis of Nod factors and receptor for flavonoids 
C) receptor for Nod factors and leghemoglobin gene 
D) genes responsible for the synthesis of Nod factors and receptor for flavonoids and leghemoglobin gene 
E) None of the above is sufficient,since many more genes need to be transferred.

Question 11

Give two reasons that relatively few plants thrive in bogs.

Accepted Answer

(1)Concentrations of available

Question 12

Both ectomycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia are able to supply plants with usable forms of nitrogen.From what sources do rhizobia and ectomycorrhizal fungi that are associated with plants obtain nitrogen?

Accepted Answer

A) Fungi absorb N₂ from the atmosphere,and rhizobia obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material. 
B) Fungi obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material,and rhizobia absorb N₂ from the atmosphere. 
C) They both absorb ammonia from soil,which they nitrify to NO₂⁻. 
D) They both obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material. 
A) Fungi absorb N₂ from the atmosphere,and rhizobia obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material. 
B) Fungi obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material,and rhizobia absorb N₂ from the atmosphere. 
C) They both absorb ammonia from soil,which they nitrify to NO₂⁻. 
D) They both obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material.

Question 13

What major benefits do plants and mycorrhizal fungi receive from their symbiotic relationship?

Accepted Answer

A) Plants receive enzymes and fungi receive nitrogen and phosphorus. 
B) Plants receive increased root surface area,and fungi receive digestive enzymes. 
C) Plants receive photosynthetic products in exchange for living in root nodules. 
D) Plants receive nitrogen and phosphorus,and fungi receive photosynthetic products. 
A) Plants receive enzymes and fungi receive nitrogen and phosphorus. 
B) Plants receive increased root surface area,and fungi receive digestive enzymes. 
C) Plants receive photosynthetic products in exchange for living in root nodules. 
D) Plants receive nitrogen and phosphorus,and fungi receive photosynthetic products.

Question 14

After mutagenesis,the bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti became unable to colonize Medicago truncatula plants due to the absence of recognition by the host plant.Which of the following genes is most likely the site of mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) nitrogenase 
B) flavonoid-synthesizing enzyme 
C) Nod factors 
D) leghemoglobin 
E) peptidoglycans of the bacterial cell wall 
A) nitrogenase 
B) flavonoid-synthesizing enzyme 
C) Nod factors 
D) leghemoglobin 
E) peptidoglycans of the bacterial cell wall

Question 15

What kind of climate is most often associated with epiphytic plants?

Accepted Answer

A) warm 
B) humid 
C) sunny 
D) all of the above 
A) warm 
B) humid 
C) sunny 
D) all of the above

Question 16

Figure 38.1
  
-Iron shortage is the most common human nutritional deficiency in the world.Plants are the major source of iron in most diets,so researchers are interested in understanding their mechanism of iron intake and in developing iron-rich crops.Recently researchers showed (Vert et al. ,IRT1,an Arabidopsis transporter essential for iron uptake from the soil and for plant growth.Plant Cell 14 [2002]:
1223-33)that under iron-deficient conditions,the IRT1 gene is responsible for most of the iron uptake activity in roots.To demonstrate the importance of IRT1 for iron accumulation,researchers measured leaf iron content in irt1-1 mutants containing deactivated IRT1.Mutant plants were grown in iron-poor soil (irt1-1 in graph)and soil rich with iron (irt1-1 +Fe in graph).Wild-type (WT)plants grown in iron-poor soil were used as a control.Which of the graphs represent the data researchers might have received in their experiment?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Figure 38.1
  
-Iron shortage is the...

Question 17

Which of the following statements is not true about tropical soils?

Accepted Answer

A) They are nutrient poor. 
B) They are alkaline. 
C) They contain high concentration of iron oxides. 
D) They are rich in soil bacteria. 
E) All of the above are correct. 
A) They are nutrient poor. 
B) They are alkaline. 
C) They contain high concentration of iron oxides. 
D) They are rich in soil bacteria. 
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 18

What is the function of proton pumps localized in the plant plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A) facilitate diffusion of ions 
B) to transfer phosphorus groups from ATP to proteins 
C) to transfer metal ions across the plasma membrane 
D) to transfer anions across the plasma membrane 
E) to create a membrane potential 
A) facilitate diffusion of ions 
B) to transfer phosphorus groups from ATP to proteins 
C) to transfer metal ions across the plasma membrane 
D) to transfer anions across the plasma membrane 
E) to create a membrane potential

Question 19

After mutagenesis and screening take place,you have found a mutant that is able to grow in soil with high copper content.Protein analysis shows that the concentration of metallothioneins in the mutant is different from that in normal plants.How does the concentration of metallothioneins likely differ in the mutant relative to the normal plant?

Accepted Answer

A) Metallothioneins are absent in the mutant. 
B) The concentration of metallothioneins is greater in the mutant. 
C) The concentration of metallothioneins is lower in the mutant. 
D) Metallothioneins are the most abundant proteins in the mutant. 
A) Metallothioneins are absent in the mutant. 
B) The concentration of metallothioneins is greater in the mutant. 
C) The concentration of metallothioneins is lower in the mutant. 
D) Metallothioneins are the most abundant proteins in the mutant.

Question 20

After mutagenesis and screening,you have found a mutant that is able to grow in soil with high salt content.Chemical analysis showed that this plant has a decreased amount of Na⁺ relative to normal plants.What kind of mutation do you predict this plant contains?

Accepted Answer

A) mutation in the plasma membrane sodium channel 
B) mutation in the metallothioneins 
C) mutation in the tonoplast sodium channel 
D) mutation in the tonoplast antiporter 
A) mutation in the plasma membrane sodium channel 
B) mutation in the metallothioneins 
C) mutation in the tonoplast sodium channel 
D) mutation in the tonoplast antiporter

Exam 38: Plant Nutrition

What is the charge on the inside of a plant cell plasma membrane?

What soil composition would be best for availability of nutrients,water,and root development?

What type of soil contains the highest amount of oxygen?

Which criteria allow biologists to divide chemicals into macronutrients and micronutrients?

Which of the following is the most energy-demanding process?

What is the trade-off in nutrient availability concerning clay soils?

Soil leaching can cause nutrient deficiencies in the soil.Which is not a symptom of nutrient deficiency in plants?

Why do plants use cotransporters instead of ion channels to transfer anions into cells?

Researchers are interested in improving crop plants to enable them to form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.What genes would you need to transfer to a plant that does not associate with rhizobia to enable it to do so?

Give two reasons that relatively few plants thrive in bogs.

Both ectomycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia are able to supply plants with usable forms of nitrogen.From what sources do rhizobia and ectomycorrhizal fungi that are associated with plants obtain nitrogen?

What major benefits do plants and mycorrhizal fungi receive from their symbiotic relationship?

After mutagenesis,the bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti became unable to colonize Medicago truncatula plants due to the absence of recognition by the host plant.Which of the following genes is most likely the site of mutation?

What kind of climate is most often associated with epiphytic plants?

Which of the following statements is not true about tropical soils?

What is the function of proton pumps localized in the plant plasma membrane?

After mutagenesis and screening,you have found a mutant that is able to grow in soil with high salt content.Chemical analysis showed that this plant has a decreased amount of Na⁺ relative to normal plants.What kind of mutation do you predict this plant contains?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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