Exam 1: Biology and the Tree of Life

On an evolutionary tree,any group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants is called monophyletic ("one-tribe").Recall the current evolutionary tree for Bacteria,Archaea,and Eukarya.According to this tree,are all organisms alive today monophyletic?

How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?

On an evolutionary tree,any group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants is called monophyletic ("one-tribe").Recall the current evolutionary tree for Bacteria,Archaea,and Eukarya.Are prokaryotes monophyletic?

What is the difference between experimental replicates and experimental controls?

In comparison to eukaryotes,prokaryotes _____.

The best experimental design _____.

Which of the following statements about cells is true? A cell is _____.

Which of the following observations led to the conclusion that the food competition hypothesis for giraffe neck length might not be correct?

You find yourself standing next to a beautiful rosebush.Based on the current evolutionary data,which of the following do you and the rose have in common?

Recall the caterpillar experiment,where caterpillars born in the spring looked like flowers,and caterpillars born in the summer looked like twigs.What is the most likely selective advantage for this difference in body shape?

Figure 1.1 The following experiment is used for the corresponding question(s). A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees.Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past.Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers.But caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs. How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question,the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs.He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups.The eggs hatched,and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below. Figure 1.1 In each of the four environments,one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers,the other oak leaves.Thus,there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments × 2 diets). -Refer to Figure 1.1.Recall that eggs from the same female were exposed to each of the eight treatments used.This aspect of the experimental design tested which of the following hypotheses?

Current evolutionary data groups land plants with green algae and red algae.Brown algae,which you often find in the same habitat as red and green algae,is part of a distantly related group that includes the diatoms.This suggests that _____.

If you find a mouse in your basement,it is likely Mus musculus.Peromyscus leucopus is also common.Or,you may get lucky and find a relatively rare Peromyscus maniculatus instead.Out of these three species,which two are the most closely related (from an evolutionary standpoint)?

Agrobacterium is a type of bacteria that infects plants and causes them to form tumors.You are asked to determine how long a plant must be exposed to the bacteria to become infected.Which of the following experiments will provide the best data for that question?

Lance Armstrong just finished third (by about 5 minutes)in the 2009 Tour de France cycling race.This was an incredible feat for the 37-year-old father of 4.First and second-place winners,Alberto Contador (age 27)and Andy Schleck (age 24),respectively,have no children.Which of these three men shows the greatest evolutionary fitness?

What do nodes on a phylogenetic tree represent?

Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea,breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts,broccoli,kale,and cabbage.Which of the following statements is supported by this observation?

Figure 1.1 The following experiment is used for the corresponding question(s). A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees.Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past.Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers.But caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs. How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question,the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs.He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups.The eggs hatched,and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below. Figure 1.1 In each of the four environments,one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers,the other oak leaves.Thus,there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments × 2 diets). -Refer to Figure 1.1.In every case,caterpillars that feed on oak flowers look like oak flowers.In every case,caterpillars that were raised on oak leaves looked like twigs.These results support which of the following hypotheses?

Figure 1.1 The following experiment is used for the corresponding question(s). A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees.Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past.Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers.But caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs. How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question,the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs.He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups.The eggs hatched,and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below. Figure 1.1 In each of the four environments,one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers,the other oak leaves.Thus,there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments × 2 diets). -In Figure 1.1,which of the following is not a plausible hypothesis to explain the difference in caterpillar appearance observed in this population?

The phylogenetic tree below _____.