Question 1

Although transposable elements and simple tandem repeats (STRs)are both repetitive DNAs,they differ in that _____.

Accepted Answer

A) STRs occur within exons;transposable elements occur within introns 
B) STRs occur within introns;transposable elements occur within exons 
C) the repeated unit in STRs is clustered one after another;transposable element repeats are scattered throughout the genome 
D) the repeated unit in STRs is much larger than the repeated unit of transposable elements 
E) variation in STR repeat number comes from STR movement in the genome;variation in transposable element repeat number comes from errors in DNA replication 
A) STRs occur within exons;transposable elements occur within introns 
B) STRs occur within introns;transposable elements occur within exons 
C) the repeated unit in STRs is clustered one after another;transposable element repeats are scattered throughout the genome 
D) the repeated unit in STRs is much larger than the repeated unit of transposable elements 
E) variation in STR repeat number comes from STR movement in the genome;variation in transposable element repeat number comes from errors in DNA replication

Question 2

The following table from the Venter et al.paper presents the numbers of different types of genes discovered in this study.
  
-As with many new endeavors,concerns have been raised by some that genomics will fundamentally change the way biological research is practiced.Examine the full reference for the Venter et al.paper and consider the way this work was done.Now think of some seminal works in the history of biology,for example,Darwin's On the Origin of Species and Watson and Crick's publication on DNA structure.What do you think the concern might be that has been voiced about genomics?

Accepted Answer

A) Genomics will offer deep insights too rapidly for the biological community to comprehend. 
B) Genomics is so based in technology that it cannot possibly reveal important knowledge of biology. 
C) Genomics makes biology a "big-team science" that will squeeze out innovative individuals or small groups of scientists who traditionally have provided our greatest insights. 
D) Genomics is really computer science,not biology,and therefore offers little for understanding life. 
A) Genomics will offer deep insights too rapidly for the biological community to comprehend. 
B) Genomics is so based in technology that it cannot possibly reveal important knowledge of biology. 
C) Genomics makes biology a "big-team science" that will squeeze out innovative individuals or small groups of scientists who traditionally have provided our greatest insights. 
D) Genomics is really computer science,not biology,and therefore offers little for understanding life.

Question 3

Imagine that you've sequenced the genome of a human pathogenic bacterium.In the early stages of analysis,you discover a stretch of DNA that has a significantly different GC content (the proportion of bases that are G and

Accepted Answer

A) convergent evolution 
B) both sequences are introns 
C) a high rate of mutation 
D) a low rate of mutation 
E) lateral gene transfer 
A) convergent evolution 
B) both sequences are introns 
C) a high rate of mutation 
D) a low rate of mutation 
E) lateral gene transfer

Question 4

When comparing the genomes of a bacterial parasite versus a free-living,nonparasitic bacterium,one expects to find _____.

Accepted Answer

A) the proportion of G-C base pairs will be significantly higher in the parasite 
B) no homology between the free-living and parasitic bacteria 
C) there will be a higher proportion of genes of unknown function in the parasite 
D) the parasite will have acquired a smaller proportion of its genes through lateral gene transfer 
E) the parasite will have a smaller genome 
A) the proportion of G-C base pairs will be significantly higher in the parasite 
B) no homology between the free-living and parasitic bacteria 
C) there will be a higher proportion of genes of unknown function in the parasite 
D) the parasite will have acquired a smaller proportion of its genes through lateral gene transfer 
E) the parasite will have a smaller genome

Question 5

When gene duplication occurs to its ultimate extent by doubling all genes in a genome,what has occurred?

Accepted Answer

A) pseudogene creation 
B) creation of a gene cluster 
C) creation of a polyploid 
D) creation of an aneuploid 
E) creation of a diploid 
A) pseudogene creation 
B) creation of a gene cluster 
C) creation of a polyploid 
D) creation of an aneuploid 
E) creation of a diploid

Question 6

An early step in shotgun sequencing is to _____.

Accepted Answer

A) break genomic DNA at random sites 
B) map the position of cloned DNA fragments 
C) randomly select DNA primers and hybridize these to random positions of chromosomes in preparation for sequencing 
A) break genomic DNA at random sites 
B) map the position of cloned DNA fragments 
C) randomly select DNA primers and hybridize these to random positions of chromosomes in preparation for sequencing

Question 7

-The figure above compares the proportion of genes devoted to various functions in a set of model organisms.Based on this figure,which one of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A) The function of roughly half of eukaryotic genes is unknown. 
B) Humans have the highest proportion of genes devoted to defense and immunity. 
C) The mustard plant and yeast have a small fraction of genes devoted to cell communication. 
D) A relatively small but similar proportion of genes are devoted to transcription and translation in all these organisms. 
E) Drosophila is unusual in having so few genes devoted to protein folding and degradation. 
A) The function of roughly half of eukaryotic genes is unknown. 
B) Humans have the highest proportion of genes devoted to defense and immunity. 
C) The mustard plant and yeast have a small fraction of genes devoted to cell communication. 
D) A relatively small but similar proportion of genes are devoted to transcription and translation in all these organisms. 
E) Drosophila is unusual in having so few genes devoted to protein folding and degradation.

Question 8

Which of the following questions is asked in functional genomics research?

Accepted Answer

A) What is the number of Drosophila genes? 
B) How does the GC content of human DNA vary across the genome? 
C) What is the pattern of gene expression during mouse development? 
D) How many introns exist in the human CFTR gene? 
E) How closely related are the visual pigment genes of mouse and human? 
A) What is the number of Drosophila genes? 
B) How does the GC content of human DNA vary across the genome? 
C) What is the pattern of gene expression during mouse development? 
D) How many introns exist in the human CFTR gene? 
E) How closely related are the visual pigment genes of mouse and human?

Question 9

After finding a new medicinal plant,a pharmaceutical company decides to determine if the plant has any genes that are the same or similar to those of other known medicinal plants.To do this,the company annotates the genome which will _____.

Accepted Answer

A) determine what protein could be synthesized in a medicine 
B) determine what mRNA transcripts are available 
C) identify genes and their positions within the genome 
D) learn how gene products interact to produce phenotypes 
A) determine what protein could be synthesized in a medicine 
B) determine what mRNA transcripts are available 
C) identify genes and their positions within the genome 
D) learn how gene products interact to produce phenotypes

Question 10

-In the microarray shown in the figure above,if you were searching for genes whose expression was inhibited by hormone treatment,you would search for sequences spotted on the array that showed _____ fluorescence.

Accepted Answer

A) no 
B) high levels of 
C) green 
D) red 
E) yellow 
A) no 
B) high levels of 
C) green 
D) red 
E) yellow

Question 11

A current view of how the human and chimpanzee can share most of their nucleotide sequence yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences is that many of the most important sequence differences alter _____.

Accepted Answer

A) structural genes 
B) the number of repeated sequences 
C) regulatory sequences and proteins 
D) environmental factors 
E) adults but not immature phenotypes 
A) structural genes 
B) the number of repeated sequences 
C) regulatory sequences and proteins 
D) environmental factors 
E) adults but not immature phenotypes

Question 12

The bulk of the sequence data in whole genome sequencing comes from _____.

Accepted Answer

A) relatively large (~ 160 kb)sequences cloned into BACs 
B) relatively small (~ 1000 base-pair)sequences cloned into plasmids 
C) whole chromosomes obtained without cloning 
D) whole chromosomes cloned into plasmids 
A) relatively large (~ 160 kb)sequences cloned into BACs 
B) relatively small (~ 1000 base-pair)sequences cloned into plasmids 
C) whole chromosomes obtained without cloning 
D) whole chromosomes cloned into plasmids

Question 13

Forensic DNA fingerprinting often involves recovery of minute quantities of DNA from a crime scene.What is a concern in analyzing this DNA?

Accepted Answer

A) There is seldom enough DNA to allow PCR amplification. 
B) Even with these tiny amounts of DNA,there may be too much DNA for efficient PCR. 
C) Restriction enzymes may not work efficiently on the PCR-amplified DNA. 
D) It is critical to avoid the introduction of contaminating human DNA unrelated to the crime. 
A) There is seldom enough DNA to allow PCR amplification. 
B) Even with these tiny amounts of DNA,there may be too much DNA for efficient PCR. 
C) Restriction enzymes may not work efficiently on the PCR-amplified DNA. 
D) It is critical to avoid the introduction of contaminating human DNA unrelated to the crime.

Question 14

The mechanism for the spread of LINES involves some unusual features,including _____.

Accepted Answer

A) translation in the cytoplasm of an mRNA that was synthesized in the nucleus 
B) the nuclear localization of RNA polymerase 
C) the transport of mRNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus 
D) the use of an enzyme that cuts DNA 
E) the use of RNA polymerase to transcribe an mRNA 
A) translation in the cytoplasm of an mRNA that was synthesized in the nucleus 
B) the nuclear localization of RNA polymerase 
C) the transport of mRNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus 
D) the use of an enzyme that cuts DNA 
E) the use of RNA polymerase to transcribe an mRNA

Question 15

Biologists now routinely test for homology among potentially related species using DNA sequences.These tests reveal if the sequences from each species _____.

Accepted Answer

A) are related by descent from a common ancestor 
B) are related because of convergent evolution 
C) are related by chance mutations 
D) code for identical proteins 
E) code for identical RNAs 
A) are related by descent from a common ancestor 
B) are related because of convergent evolution 
C) are related by chance mutations 
D) code for identical proteins 
E) code for identical RNAs

Question 16

The following table from the Venter et al.paper presents the numbers of different types of genes discovered in this study.
  
-Refer to the paragraph on the Venter et al.paper and Table 20.1 If practical applications arise from this or similar metagenomic studies,what might these be?

Accepted Answer

A) New genes with useful properties may be identified and ultimately put to use. 
B) New microbial species could be isolated from seawater. 
C) An increased knowledge of the diversity of marine ecosystems could lead to increased appreciation of diversity in all ecosystems. 
D) Species discovered in the Sargasso Sea may also be found to inhabit less-remote waters. 
A) New genes with useful properties may be identified and ultimately put to use. 
B) New microbial species could be isolated from seawater. 
C) An increased knowledge of the diversity of marine ecosystems could lead to increased appreciation of diversity in all ecosystems. 
D) Species discovered in the Sargasso Sea may also be found to inhabit less-remote waters.

Question 17

Imagine that your goal is to isolate mouse mutants that stabilize microsatellite repeat sequences (i.e. ,lower the frequency at which their repeat number changes).Which of the following mutations would you predict to have this stabilizing effect?

Accepted Answer

A) a mutation that reduces the rate of transcription 
B) a mutation that reduces the rate of translation 
C) a mutation that increases the rate of DNA synthesis 
D) a mutation that reduces the occurrence of homologous recombination 
E) a mutation that inactivates reverse transcriptase and/or integrase 
A) a mutation that reduces the rate of transcription 
B) a mutation that reduces the rate of translation 
C) a mutation that increases the rate of DNA synthesis 
D) a mutation that reduces the occurrence of homologous recombination 
E) a mutation that inactivates reverse transcriptase and/or integrase

Question 18

If one wished to test the hypothesis that humans and chimps differ due to differences in the expression of a large set of shared genes,the technique to use would be _____.

Accepted Answer

A) Southern blotting 
B) PCR 
C) DNA sequencing 
D) protein-protein interaction assays 
E) DNA microarray analysis 
A) Southern blotting 
B) PCR 
C) DNA sequencing 
D) protein-protein interaction assays 
E) DNA microarray analysis

Exam 20: Genomics

Although transposable elements and simple tandem repeats (STRs)are both repetitive DNAs,they differ in that _____.

Imagine that you've sequenced the genome of a human pathogenic bacterium.In the early stages of analysis,you discover a stretch of DNA that has a significantly different GC content (the proportion of bases that are G and

When comparing the genomes of a bacterial parasite versus a free-living,nonparasitic bacterium,one expects to find _____.

When gene duplication occurs to its ultimate extent by doubling all genes in a genome,what has occurred?

An early step in shotgun sequencing is to _____.

-The figure above compares the proportion of genes devoted to various functions in a set of model organisms.Based on this figure,which one of the following statements is false?

Which of the following questions is asked in functional genomics research?

After finding a new medicinal plant,a pharmaceutical company decides to determine if the plant has any genes that are the same or similar to those of other known medicinal plants.To do this,the company annotates the genome which will _____.

-In the microarray shown in the figure above,if you were searching for genes whose expression was inhibited by hormone treatment,you would search for sequences spotted on the array that showed _____ fluorescence.

A current view of how the human and chimpanzee can share most of their nucleotide sequence yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences is that many of the most important sequence differences alter _____.

The bulk of the sequence data in whole genome sequencing comes from _____.

Forensic DNA fingerprinting often involves recovery of minute quantities of DNA from a crime scene.What is a concern in analyzing this DNA?

The mechanism for the spread of LINES involves some unusual features,including _____.

Biologists now routinely test for homology among potentially related species using DNA sequences.These tests reveal if the sequences from each species _____.

The following table from the Venter et al.paper presents the numbers of different types of genes discovered in this study. -Refer to the paragraph on the Venter et al.paper and Table 20.1 If practical applications arise from this or similar metagenomic studies,what might these be?

Imagine that your goal is to isolate mouse mutants that stabilize microsatellite repeat sequences (i.e. ,lower the frequency at which their repeat number changes).Which of the following mutations would you predict to have this stabilizing effect?

If one wished to test the hypothesis that humans and chimps differ due to differences in the expression of a large set of shared genes,the technique to use would be _____.

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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