Question 1

Figure 48.1
  
-Based on Figure 48.1 above,showing fetal (A)and adult (B)oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curves,which of the following conclusions is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The mother binds oxygen with greater affinity than the fetus. 
B) Adult saturation occurs at lower partial pressures of oxygen than fetal saturation does. 
C) At 50 percent saturation,fetal blood will have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult blood will. 
D) As the partial pressure of oxygen increases,adult hemoglobin approaches saturation faster than fetal hemoglobin does. 
A) The mother binds oxygen with greater affinity than the fetus. 
B) Adult saturation occurs at lower partial pressures of oxygen than fetal saturation does. 
C) At 50 percent saturation,fetal blood will have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult blood will. 
D) As the partial pressure of oxygen increases,adult hemoglobin approaches saturation faster than fetal hemoglobin does.

Question 2

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
For your internship at the local zoo,you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan-breeding program.Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones,but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals.You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit.
-A pregnant woman comes into the hospital past her due date.The doctor decides it is time for the baby to be delivered.Before performing a cesarean section,the doctor wants to try to induce labor.Which of the following would she most likely inject?

Accepted Answer

A) estrogen 
B) progesterone 
C) luteinizing hormone (LH) 
D) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
E) oxytocin 
A) estrogen 
B) progesterone 
C) luteinizing hormone (LH) 
D) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
E) oxytocin

Question 3

Why was it informative for researchers to study the proximate causation of Daphnia switching reproductive tactics in the laboratory?

Accepted Answer

A) Daphnia in the wild were genetically identical and the laboratory was the only place where Daphnia would reproduce sexually. 
B) Daphnia could not obtain enough energy in the wild to reproduce sexually. 
C) Multiple proximate factors were leading the reproductive switching tactics and it is simpler to tease these factors apart in the lab where a researcher can run controlled experiments. 
D) Daphnia were never under high crowding conditions in the wild. 
A) Daphnia in the wild were genetically identical and the laboratory was the only place where Daphnia would reproduce sexually. 
B) Daphnia could not obtain enough energy in the wild to reproduce sexually. 
C) Multiple proximate factors were leading the reproductive switching tactics and it is simpler to tease these factors apart in the lab where a researcher can run controlled experiments. 
D) Daphnia were never under high crowding conditions in the wild.

Question 4

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Accepted Answer

A) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells,while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell. 
B) Spermatogenesis results in one mature sperm cell,while oogenesis results in four mature egg cells. 
C) In spermatogenesis,mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once,while in oogenesis,mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice. 
D) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells,while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell.In spermatogenesis,mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once,while in oogenesis,mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice. 
A) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells,while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell. 
B) Spermatogenesis results in one mature sperm cell,while oogenesis results in four mature egg cells. 
C) In spermatogenesis,mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once,while in oogenesis,mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice. 
D) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells,while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell.In spermatogenesis,mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once,while in oogenesis,mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice.

Question 5

Which of the following is a challenge to the hypothesis that bats produce an unusually large number of sperm in order to increase the probability of conception when females engage in multiple matings?

Accepted Answer

A) Female bats can eject the sperm of certain males after mating. 
B) A female can actively choose which male mates with her last,thus increasing the odds of conception with that male's sperm. 
C) Both of the above are true. 
D) Neither of the above are true. 
A) Female bats can eject the sperm of certain males after mating. 
B) A female can actively choose which male mates with her last,thus increasing the odds of conception with that male's sperm. 
C) Both of the above are true. 
D) Neither of the above are true.

Question 6

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for sexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

A) mitosis → zygote → meiosis → gametes → embryo 
B) meiosis → zygote → mitosis → gametes → embryo 
C) mitosis → gametes → meiosis → zygote → embryo 
D) meiosis → gametes → mitosis → zygote → embryo 
E) meiosis → gametes → zygote → mitosis → embryo 
A) mitosis → zygote → meiosis → gametes → embryo 
B) meiosis → zygote → mitosis → gametes → embryo 
C) mitosis → gametes → meiosis → zygote → embryo 
D) meiosis → gametes → mitosis → zygote → embryo 
E) meiosis → gametes → zygote → mitosis → embryo

Question 7

You decide to study two species of birds,both of which form monogamous pairs (one male and one female).In species 1,you find that the eggs in a pair's nest are in fact almost always the offspring of that pair.In species 2,you are surprised to find that many of the eggs in a nest were actually fathered by males of neighboring pairs.Apparently,mating outside of monogamous pairings is widespread in species 2.Given this information,what would be the logical prediction to make before comparing testis size of males of the two species?

Accepted Answer

A) Testes of species 1 are larger than testes of species 2. 
B) Testes of species 2 are larger than testes of species 1. 
C) There is no relationship between this observation and the size of testes. 
A) Testes of species 1 are larger than testes of species 2. 
B) Testes of species 2 are larger than testes of species 1. 
C) There is no relationship between this observation and the size of testes.

Question 8

Which embryonic tissue is responsible for forming the membrane that can be found completely surrounding the embryo while in utero?

Accepted Answer

A) ectoderm 
B) mesoderm 
C) endoderm 
D) epiderm 
A) ectoderm 
B) mesoderm 
C) endoderm 
D) epiderm

Question 9

During the menstrual cycle,_____ peaks first,_____ peak next,and finally _____ surges.

Accepted Answer

A) estradiol;LH and progesterone;FSH 
B) progesterone;LH and FSH;estradiol 
C) estradiol;LH and FSH;progesterone 
D) estradiol;LH and FSH;testosterone 
E) testosterone;estradiol and FSH;progesterone 
A) estradiol;LH and progesterone;FSH 
B) progesterone;LH and FSH;estradiol 
C) estradiol;LH and FSH;progesterone 
D) estradiol;LH and FSH;testosterone 
E) testosterone;estradiol and FSH;progesterone

Question 10

Which of the following correctly describes the reproduction of males in Daphnia?

Accepted Answer

A) Daphnia males are produced asexually from unfertilized eggs. 
B) Daphnia males are produced sexually through fertilization of eggs but are sterile from birth. 
C) Daphnia males are produced from a pseudo-sexual union of two eggs. 
D) Daphnia males are produced asexually but are sterile from birth. 
A) Daphnia males are produced asexually from unfertilized eggs. 
B) Daphnia males are produced sexually through fertilization of eggs but are sterile from birth. 
C) Daphnia males are produced from a pseudo-sexual union of two eggs. 
D) Daphnia males are produced asexually but are sterile from birth.

Question 11

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the lack of a filter blocking the passage of alcohol between the maternal and fetal circulations in humans?

Accepted Answer

A) There has not been enough time to evolve such a barrier. 
B) Such a barrier would probably also block important molecules that need to be passed to the fetus. 
C) The maternal and fetal blood mix directly together in an area with many villi,so a barrier is impossible. 
D) Alcohol has some positive effects on the fetus,so evolution has resulted in an intermediate level of filtering that blocks all but the worst abuses of alcohol. 
A) There has not been enough time to evolve such a barrier. 
B) Such a barrier would probably also block important molecules that need to be passed to the fetus. 
C) The maternal and fetal blood mix directly together in an area with many villi,so a barrier is impossible. 
D) Alcohol has some positive effects on the fetus,so evolution has resulted in an intermediate level of filtering that blocks all but the worst abuses of alcohol.

Question 12

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive health of animals.Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on sexual differentiation in zebrafish.They exposed embryo-larval (0-21 days post-hatching),juvenile (21-42 days post-hatching),and adult (over 200 days post-hatching)fish to three concentrations of 17β-estradiol (5,25,and 100 nanograms/liter)that are within the range of concentrations found in water leaving sewage treatment plants in different countries.They then examined the proportion of males and females when the fish exposed at embryo-larval and juvenile stages reached adulthood.Embryo-larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β-estradiol resulted in adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared to control groups.Embryo-larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of 17β-estradiol did not show a statistically significant shift in the proportion of females.(Brion,F. ,C.R.Tyler,X.Palazzi,B.Laillet,J.M.Porcher,J.Garric,and P.Flammarion.2004.Impacts of 17β-estradiol,including environmentally relevant concentrations,on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-,juvenile-,and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio).Aquatic Toxicology 68:193-217. )
-Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment.You are assigned to write the report to the Environmental Protection Agency,which needs to decide what level of 17β-estradiol to permit in sewage output.You do not want to make the level any lower than necessary,because it requires substantial additional money for the extra treatment of sewage.Given the data presented above,what level of 17β-estradiol would you suggest is safe to prevent feminization of fish?

Accepted Answer

A) 2)5 ng/l 
B) 5 ng/l 
C) 12.5 ng/l 
D) 25 ng/l 
E) 100 ng/l 
A) 2)5 ng/l 
B) 5 ng/l 
C) 12.5 ng/l 
D) 25 ng/l 
E) 100 ng/l

Question 13

Animals that have external fertilization are most likely to reproduce in which of the following areas?

Accepted Answer

A) sand dune 
B) polar ice sheet 
C) shallow lake 
D) tallgrass prairie 
A) sand dune 
B) polar ice sheet 
C) shallow lake 
D) tallgrass prairie

Question 14

In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction,when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A) when conditions for survival are favorable 
B) when conditions for survival are unfavorable 
C) none of the above 
A) when conditions for survival are favorable 
B) when conditions for survival are unfavorable 
C) none of the above

Exam 48: Animal Reproduction

Figure 48.1 -Based on Figure 48.1 above,showing fetal (A)and adult (B)oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curves,which of the following conclusions is true?

Why was it informative for researchers to study the proximate causation of Daphnia switching reproductive tactics in the laboratory?

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Which of the following is a challenge to the hypothesis that bats produce an unusually large number of sperm in order to increase the probability of conception when females engage in multiple matings?

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for sexual reproduction?

Which embryonic tissue is responsible for forming the membrane that can be found completely surrounding the embryo while in utero?

During the menstrual cycle,_____ peaks first,_____ peak next,and finally _____ surges.

Which of the following correctly describes the reproduction of males in Daphnia?

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the lack of a filter blocking the passage of alcohol between the maternal and fetal circulations in humans?

Animals that have external fertilization are most likely to reproduce in which of the following areas?

In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction,when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

During the menstrual cycle,___ peaks first,_ peak next,and finally ___ surges.