Question 1

How could you genetically modify an animal so that it would distinguish more shades of green?

Accepted Answer

A) Induce genes to produce a greater number of cone cells in the fovea. 
B) Introduce genes for different opsins that respond in the green region of the spectrum. 
C) Introduce genes to produce green fluid in the eyeball,because green fluids will not absorb green light. 
D) Induce increased production of cGMP to increase opening of cGMP-gated sodium channels. 
A) Induce genes to produce a greater number of cone cells in the fovea. 
B) Introduce genes for different opsins that respond in the green region of the spectrum. 
C) Introduce genes to produce green fluid in the eyeball,because green fluids will not absorb green light. 
D) Induce increased production of cGMP to increase opening of cGMP-gated sodium channels.

Question 2

Bat echolocation (sonar)is most closely related to which human sensory system?

Accepted Answer

A) hearing 
B) smell 
C) taste 
D) touch 
E) vision 
A) hearing 
B) smell 
C) taste 
D) touch 
E) vision

Question 3

How do citrus fruits such as lemons cause the basic taste of sour?

Accepted Answer

A) the more acidic the food the more depolarization of the sensory receptor 
B) Ascorbic acid binds to sensory receptors on the plasma membrane of taste cells,which leads to the triggering of cellular activity that trigger a sour taste response. 
C) Sugars and ascorbic acid bind sensory receptors on the plasma membrane of taste cells,which leads to the triggering of cellular activity that trigger a sour taste response. 
D) Citric acid amplifies the sour taste of vitamin C when it binds to specialized receptors on the taste cells. 
A) the more acidic the food the more depolarization of the sensory receptor 
B) Ascorbic acid binds to sensory receptors on the plasma membrane of taste cells,which leads to the triggering of cellular activity that trigger a sour taste response. 
C) Sugars and ascorbic acid bind sensory receptors on the plasma membrane of taste cells,which leads to the triggering of cellular activity that trigger a sour taste response. 
D) Citric acid amplifies the sour taste of vitamin C when it binds to specialized receptors on the taste cells.

Question 4

If you experimentally reduce the concentration of K⁺ in the extracellular fluid surrounding hair cells in the inner ear,the result would be like which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) decreasing the volume of sound reaching the hair cells 
B) increasing the volume of sound reaching the hair cells 
C) decreasing the frequency of sound reaching the hair cells 
D) increasing the frequency of sound reaching the hair cells 
A) decreasing the volume of sound reaching the hair cells 
B) increasing the volume of sound reaching the hair cells 
C) decreasing the frequency of sound reaching the hair cells 
D) increasing the frequency of sound reaching the hair cells

Question 5

Acidic amino acids taste sour.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species.These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms,other molluscs or in some cases fish as their primary food sources.… conotoxins from Australian species of Conus … have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." (B.G.Livett,K.R.Gayler,and Z.Khalil.2004.Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics.Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23. )
-Refer to the paragraph on the venom of marine core snails.What is the adaptive value of this toxin?

Accepted Answer

A) It would cause muscle spasms in the prey. 
B) It would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle of the prey. 
C) It would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting of the prey. 
D) Either it would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle or it would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting;or it would result in both paralysis of the skeletal muscle and stimulation of the digestive tract smooth muscles to cause nausea and vomiting. 
A) It would cause muscle spasms in the prey. 
B) It would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle of the prey. 
C) It would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting of the prey. 
D) Either it would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle or it would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting;or it would result in both paralysis of the skeletal muscle and stimulation of the digestive tract smooth muscles to cause nausea and vomiting.

Question 7

A salmon follows a scent trail upstream to find its way back to the stream where it hatched.What type of sensory receptor cell would it use?

Accepted Answer

A) thermoreceptors 
B) mechanoreceptors 
C) chemoreceptors 
D) electroreceptors 
E) nociceptors 
A) thermoreceptors 
B) mechanoreceptors 
C) chemoreceptors 
D) electroreceptors 
E) nociceptors

Question 8

What causes rigor mortis?

Accepted Answer

A) exhaustion of Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 
B) lack of ATP in dead tissue 
C) lack of acetylcholine (ACh)in dead tissue 
D) cessation of action potentials after death 
A) exhaustion of Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 
B) lack of ATP in dead tissue 
C) lack of acetylcholine (ACh)in dead tissue 
D) cessation of action potentials after death

Question 9

Corneal surgery is now routinely performed to improve vision.This surgery _____.

Accepted Answer

A) improves the circulation of nutrients to the eye 
B) improves the focusing of light onto the retina 
C) increases the amount of light entering the eye 
D) increases the sensitivity of the photoreceptors 
E) both improves the focusing of light onto the retina and increases the amount of light entering the eye 
A) improves the circulation of nutrients to the eye 
B) improves the focusing of light onto the retina 
C) increases the amount of light entering the eye 
D) increases the sensitivity of the photoreceptors 
E) both improves the focusing of light onto the retina and increases the amount of light entering the eye

Question 10

A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back muscles to relax after contraction.Which of the following would be most likely to help?

Accepted Answer

A) Inject calcium into the muscle cell because it is not being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
B) Induce tropomycin and troponin to bind to the myosin binding sites on actin. 
C) Increase the amount of acetylcholine at the synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells. 
D) Depolarize the motor neurons to send an action potential to the muscle cells. 
A) Inject calcium into the muscle cell because it is not being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
B) Induce tropomycin and troponin to bind to the myosin binding sites on actin. 
C) Increase the amount of acetylcholine at the synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells. 
D) Depolarize the motor neurons to send an action potential to the muscle cells.

Question 11

Deafness caused by loud sounds often results from damage to which receptor cells?

Accepted Answer

A) thermoreceptors 
B) mechanoreceptors 
C) chemoreceptors 
D) electroreceptors 
E) nociceptors 
A) thermoreceptors 
B) mechanoreceptors 
C) chemoreceptors 
D) electroreceptors 
E) nociceptors

Question 12

Which of the following organelles are present in high densities in smooth and skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

A) vesicles 
B) mitochondria 
C) nuclei 
D) endoplasmic reticulum 
E) both mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum 
A) vesicles 
B) mitochondria 
C) nuclei 
D) endoplasmic reticulum 
E) both mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

How would an abnormally large oval window in a mouse affect that animal's hearing?

Accepted Answer

A) The mouse could detect noise at much lower volumes. 
B) The mouse could detect noise in a much broader range of frequencies. 
C) Hearing ability would be reduced in comparison with normal mice. 
D) Hearing is not affected by the size of the oval window. 
A) The mouse could detect noise at much lower volumes. 
B) The mouse could detect noise in a much broader range of frequencies. 
C) Hearing ability would be reduced in comparison with normal mice. 
D) Hearing is not affected by the size of the oval window.

Question 14

What would happen to people exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors?

Accepted Answer

A) Action potentials would be continuously generated,causing convulsive muscle contractions. 
B) Muscle contractions would be prevented,causing paralysis. 
C) Muscle contractions could still occur,but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired. 
D) Action potentials would be continuously generated,causing convulsive muscle contractions;muscle contractions would then be prevented,causing paralysis. 
A) Action potentials would be continuously generated,causing convulsive muscle contractions. 
B) Muscle contractions would be prevented,causing paralysis. 
C) Muscle contractions could still occur,but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired. 
D) Action potentials would be continuously generated,causing convulsive muscle contractions;muscle contractions would then be prevented,causing paralysis.

Question 15

How does the ear allow humans to distinguish the volume of different sounds?

Accepted Answer

A) Louder sounds cause larger action potentials than do softer sounds. 
B) Louder sounds cause smaller action potentials than do softer sounds. 
C) Louder sounds induce a higher frequency of action potentials than do softer sounds. 
D) Louder sounds induce a lower frequency of action potentials than do softer sounds. 
E) Louder sounds cause larger action potentials than do softer sounds,and louder sounds induce a higher frequency of action potentials than do softer sounds. 
A) Louder sounds cause larger action potentials than do softer sounds. 
B) Louder sounds cause smaller action potentials than do softer sounds. 
C) Louder sounds induce a higher frequency of action potentials than do softer sounds. 
D) Louder sounds induce a lower frequency of action potentials than do softer sounds. 
E) Louder sounds cause larger action potentials than do softer sounds,and louder sounds induce a higher frequency of action potentials than do softer sounds.

Question 16

How would the vision of a fly be affected if several of the axons extending from the ommatidia of its compound eye were damaged?

Accepted Answer

A) The fly could not detect light in the affected eye. 
B) The fly would be color blind in the affected eye. 
C) The fly would have reduced resolution in the affected eye. 
D) The fly's vision would not be affected,because the remaining functional ommatidia can adjust to compensate for the damaged ones. 
A) The fly could not detect light in the affected eye. 
B) The fly would be color blind in the affected eye. 
C) The fly would have reduced resolution in the affected eye. 
D) The fly's vision would not be affected,because the remaining functional ommatidia can adjust to compensate for the damaged ones.

Exam 46: Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

How could you genetically modify an animal so that it would distinguish more shades of green?

Bat echolocation (sonar)is most closely related to which human sensory system?

How do citrus fruits such as lemons cause the basic taste of sour?

If you experimentally reduce the concentration of K⁺ in the extracellular fluid surrounding hair cells in the inner ear,the result would be like which of the following?

Acidic amino acids taste sour.

A salmon follows a scent trail upstream to find its way back to the stream where it hatched.What type of sensory receptor cell would it use?

What causes rigor mortis?

Corneal surgery is now routinely performed to improve vision.This surgery _____.

A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back muscles to relax after contraction.Which of the following would be most likely to help?

Deafness caused by loud sounds often results from damage to which receptor cells?

Which of the following organelles are present in high densities in smooth and skeletal muscles?

How would an abnormally large oval window in a mouse affect that animal's hearing?

What would happen to people exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors?

How does the ear allow humans to distinguish the volume of different sounds?

How would the vision of a fly be affected if several of the axons extending from the ommatidia of its compound eye were damaged?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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