Question 1

An animal has a cardiac output of 40 mL/min and a stroke volume of 5 mL.What is its heart rate?

Accepted Answer

A) 8 beats/minute 
B) 200 beats/minute 
C) 12.5 beats/minute 
D) Heart rate cannot be determined with only these two variables. 
A) 8 beats/minute 
B) 200 beats/minute 
C) 12.5 beats/minute 
D) Heart rate cannot be determined with only these two variables.

Question 2

Which of the following mechanisms play(s)a role in regulating heart rate?

Accepted Answer

A) chemical messengers in the blood,such as epinephrine 
B) nerves originating from the medulla (lower part of the brain) 
C) pacemaker cells within the heart 
D) chemical messengers in the blood,such as epinephrine;nerves originating from the medulla (lower part of the brain);and pacemaker cells within the heart 
E) chemical messengers in the blood,such as epinephrine,and pacemaker cells within the heart 
A) chemical messengers in the blood,such as epinephrine 
B) nerves originating from the medulla (lower part of the brain) 
C) pacemaker cells within the heart 
D) chemical messengers in the blood,such as epinephrine;nerves originating from the medulla (lower part of the brain);and pacemaker cells within the heart 
E) chemical messengers in the blood,such as epinephrine,and pacemaker cells within the heart

Question 3

The air pressure in Denver,Colorado,is about 83% of the air pressure in Miami Beach,which is about sea level.Given that the air pressure in Miami Beach is 760 mm Hg and oxygen makes up 21% of the air in Miami Beach,what is the percentage of oxygen and the partial pressure of oxygen in Denver,respectively?

Accepted Answer

A) 21%;21 mm Hg 
B) 21%;132 mm Hg 
C) 17.4%;132 mm Hg 
D) 17.4%;21 mm Hg 
A) 21%;21 mm Hg 
B) 21%;132 mm Hg 
C) 17.4%;132 mm Hg 
D) 17.4%;21 mm Hg

Question 4

Why is the pharmacological reactivation of fetal hemoglobin in a patient with sickle cell anemia often a successful treatment?

Accepted Answer

A) Fetal hemoglobin binds more oxygen molecules than adult hemoglobin. 
B) Fetal hemoglobin is better able to release oxygen than is adult hemoglobin. 
C) Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin. 
D) Fetal hemoglobin is better able to release carbon dioxide than is adult hemoglobin. 
E) Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon dioxide than does adult hemoglobin. 
A) Fetal hemoglobin binds more oxygen molecules than adult hemoglobin. 
B) Fetal hemoglobin is better able to release oxygen than is adult hemoglobin. 
C) Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin. 
D) Fetal hemoglobin is better able to release carbon dioxide than is adult hemoglobin. 
E) Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon dioxide than does adult hemoglobin.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the process of ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A) the movement of oxygen gas through the blood of the circulatory system 
B) the movement of carbon dioxide gas through the blood of the circulatory system 
C) the movement of air through lungs or gills 
D) the diffusion of gases into and out of the circulatory system 
E) the diffusion of gases into and out of tissues where cellular respiration occurs 
A) the movement of oxygen gas through the blood of the circulatory system 
B) the movement of carbon dioxide gas through the blood of the circulatory system 
C) the movement of air through lungs or gills 
D) the diffusion of gases into and out of the circulatory system 
E) the diffusion of gases into and out of tissues where cellular respiration occurs

Question 6

How does lymph differ between closed and open circulatory systems?

Accepted Answer

A) In a closed system,lymph is always inside of vessels,whereas in an open system,lymph can escape. 
B) In a closed system,lymph travels through a set of vessels separate from blood,whereas in an open system,they never separate. 
C) In an open system,all the white blood cells are located in lymph only,whereas in a closed system,they are located in blood only. 
D) All of the above answers are true concerning lymph. 
A) In a closed system,lymph is always inside of vessels,whereas in an open system,lymph can escape. 
B) In a closed system,lymph travels through a set of vessels separate from blood,whereas in an open system,they never separate. 
C) In an open system,all the white blood cells are located in lymph only,whereas in a closed system,they are located in blood only. 
D) All of the above answers are true concerning lymph.

Question 7

In a cross section through an artery and vein running parallel in your leg,which would be the artery?

Accepted Answer

A) the vessel with the largest interior diameter 
B) the vessel with more muscle tissue in the wall 
C) the vessel lined with endothelium 
D) the vessel with valves to prevent backflow 
E) All of the above answers apply. 
A) the vessel with the largest interior diameter 
B) the vessel with more muscle tissue in the wall 
C) the vessel lined with endothelium 
D) the vessel with valves to prevent backflow 
E) All of the above answers apply.

Question 8

Which of the following conditions would be the most likely result of an abnormally high blood pressure in an animal like a reptile possessing a closed circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

A) hemorrhage in the capillary beds 
B) hemorrhage in the aorta 
C) reversal of normal blood flow direction in the veins 
D) all of the above 
A) hemorrhage in the capillary beds 
B) hemorrhage in the aorta 
C) reversal of normal blood flow direction in the veins 
D) all of the above

Question 9

Which of the following statements supports the hypothesis that the bidirectional gas flow occurring in humans (air goes in and out through the same passages)is less efficient than the unidirectional flow in fish?

Accepted Answer

A) Bidirectional flow in humans does not take advantage of countercurrent exchange. 
B) About one-third of the air in human lungs is trapped in "dead space" where gas exchange with the circulation cannot occur. 
C) Neither "bidirectional flow in humans does not take advantage of countercurrent exchange" nor "about one-third of the air in human lungs is trapped in 'dead space' where gas exchange with the circulation cannot occur" is true. 
D) Bidirectional flow in humans does not take advantage of countercurrent exchange;about one-third of the air in human lungs is trapped in "dead space" where gas exchange with the circulation cannot occur. 
A) Bidirectional flow in humans does not take advantage of countercurrent exchange. 
B) About one-third of the air in human lungs is trapped in "dead space" where gas exchange with the circulation cannot occur. 
C) Neither "bidirectional flow in humans does not take advantage of countercurrent exchange" nor "about one-third of the air in human lungs is trapped in 'dead space' where gas exchange with the circulation cannot occur" is true. 
D) Bidirectional flow in humans does not take advantage of countercurrent exchange;about one-third of the air in human lungs is trapped in "dead space" where gas exchange with the circulation cannot occur.

Question 10

The oxygen content of water increases linearly with increase in oxygen partial pressure while the oxygen content of blood increases in a sigmoidal (S-shaped)fashion.Why?

Accepted Answer

A) Carbonic anhydrase contributes to CO₂ release in blood,but not water. 
B) The Bohr shift is stronger in water than in blood. 
C) Hemoglobin shows cooperative oxygen binding. 
D) All of the above answers apply. 
A) Carbonic anhydrase contributes to CO₂ release in blood,but not water. 
B) The Bohr shift is stronger in water than in blood. 
C) Hemoglobin shows cooperative oxygen binding. 
D) All of the above answers apply.

Question 11

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

Accepted Answer

A) Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional. 
B) There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use. 
C) Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung. 
D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation. 
A) Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional. 
B) There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use. 
C) Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung. 
D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

Question 12

Determine the rate of diffusion in the gas-exchange organ of an air-breathing animal where the area for gas exchange in the lung is 200 mm²,the diffusion constant is 0.08,the PO₂ (partial pressure of oxygen)of the air in the lung is 140 mm Hg,the PO₂ in blood flowing into the lung is 90 mmHg,and the thickness of the gas exchange membrane is 0.001 mm.

Accepted Answer

A) 800,000 
B) 125 
C) 00032 
D) 10,000,000 
A) 800,000 
B) 125 
C) 00032 
D) 10,000,000

Question 13

The main difference between respiration in terrestrial insects and in terrestrial vertebrates is that _____.

Accepted Answer

A) insects rely on the blood in their circulatory system to deliver oxygen from the air to their tissues,whereas terrestrial vertebrates rely on their lungs to deliver oxygen in air to their tissues 
B) insects rely on their tracheal system to deliver oxygen in air to their tissues,whereas terrestrial vertebrates rely on their lungs to deliver oxygen to their tissues through the blood in their circulatory system 
C) insects have a lower metabolic rate than terrestrial vertebrates do,so they tend to rely more heavily on their circulatory system than their tracheal system for oxygen transport 
D) insects use their tracheal system to transfer oxygen from air into blood,whereas terrestrial vertebrates use their lungs to transfer oxygen from air into blood 
A) insects rely on the blood in their circulatory system to deliver oxygen from the air to their tissues,whereas terrestrial vertebrates rely on their lungs to deliver oxygen in air to their tissues 
B) insects rely on their tracheal system to deliver oxygen in air to their tissues,whereas terrestrial vertebrates rely on their lungs to deliver oxygen to their tissues through the blood in their circulatory system 
C) insects have a lower metabolic rate than terrestrial vertebrates do,so they tend to rely more heavily on their circulatory system than their tracheal system for oxygen transport 
D) insects use their tracheal system to transfer oxygen from air into blood,whereas terrestrial vertebrates use their lungs to transfer oxygen from air into blood

Question 14

A large increase in albumin concentration in the plasma of a dog would result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) increase in blood volume and decrease in lymph volume 
B) decrease in blood volume and increase in lymph volume 
C) increase in blood volume and increase in lymph volume 
D) decrease in blood volume and decrease in lymph volume 
A) increase in blood volume and decrease in lymph volume 
B) decrease in blood volume and increase in lymph volume 
C) increase in blood volume and increase in lymph volume 
D) decrease in blood volume and decrease in lymph volume

Question 15

You are a physician,and you are seeing a patient who complains of abnormal fatigue during exercise.You find that the immediate problem is a buildup of carbon dioxide in the tissues.What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

A) abnormally shaped platelets 
B) abnormal carbonic anhydrase 
C) abnormal hemoglobin 
D) not enough hemoglobin 
A) abnormally shaped platelets 
B) abnormal carbonic anhydrase 
C) abnormal hemoglobin 
D) not enough hemoglobin

Question 16

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow.Capillary beds,however,would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures.How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless,and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. 
B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary,leading to a reduced blood pressure. 
C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. 
D) All of the above answers apply. 
A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless,and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. 
B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary,leading to a reduced blood pressure. 
C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. 
D) All of the above answers apply.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence of terms describing fluid movement throughout the vessels and tissues of the body,starting with the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

A) blood → lymph → blood → interstitial fluid 
B) blood → lymph → interstitial fluid → blood 
C) blood → interstitial fluid → lymph → blood 
D) blood → interstitial fluid → blood → lymph 
A) blood → lymph → blood → interstitial fluid 
B) blood → lymph → interstitial fluid → blood 
C) blood → interstitial fluid → lymph → blood 
D) blood → interstitial fluid → blood → lymph

Exam 44: Gas Exchange and Circulation

An animal has a cardiac output of 40 mL/min and a stroke volume of 5 mL.What is its heart rate?

Which of the following mechanisms play(s)a role in regulating heart rate?

Why is the pharmacological reactivation of fetal hemoglobin in a patient with sickle cell anemia often a successful treatment?

Which of the following best describes the process of ventilation?

How does lymph differ between closed and open circulatory systems?

In a cross section through an artery and vein running parallel in your leg,which would be the artery?

Which of the following conditions would be the most likely result of an abnormally high blood pressure in an animal like a reptile possessing a closed circulatory system?

Which of the following statements supports the hypothesis that the bidirectional gas flow occurring in humans (air goes in and out through the same passages)is less efficient than the unidirectional flow in fish?

The oxygen content of water increases linearly with increase in oxygen partial pressure while the oxygen content of blood increases in a sigmoidal (S-shaped)fashion.Why?

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

The main difference between respiration in terrestrial insects and in terrestrial vertebrates is that _____.

A large increase in albumin concentration in the plasma of a dog would result in which of the following?

You are a physician,and you are seeing a patient who complains of abnormal fatigue during exercise.You find that the immediate problem is a buildup of carbon dioxide in the tissues.What is the most likely cause?

Which of the following is the correct sequence of terms describing fluid movement throughout the vessels and tissues of the body,starting with the circulatory system?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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