Question 1

Which of the following affects the osmolarity of a solution?

Accepted Answer

A) concentration of cations 
B) concentration of anions 
C) concentration of water 
D) all of the above 
A) concentration of cations 
B) concentration of anions 
C) concentration of water 
D) all of the above

Question 2

Reabsorption of water in the hindgut of insects is controlled by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) osmotic gradients created by ion pumps 
B) selective absorptive processes that take place in the Malpighian tubules 
C) ion concentration of hemolymph 
D) osmoregulators in the rectal gland 
A) osmotic gradients created by ion pumps 
B) selective absorptive processes that take place in the Malpighian tubules 
C) ion concentration of hemolymph 
D) osmoregulators in the rectal gland

Question 3

Table 42.1
  
-Refer to Table 42.1:
Because the shark rectal gland functions only when ATP molecules are present,what can you infer about the movement of Na⁺,K⁺,and Cl⁻?

Accepted Answer

A) Movement of these ions from circulation into the rectal gland is an active process. 
B) Movement of these ions takes place from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 
C) These ions move into the rectal gland with their osmotic gradient. 
D) The rectal gland is unable to concentrate these ions. 
A) Movement of these ions from circulation into the rectal gland is an active process. 
B) Movement of these ions takes place from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 
C) These ions move into the rectal gland with their osmotic gradient. 
D) The rectal gland is unable to concentrate these ions.

Question 4

Malpighian tubules form pre-urine,which is further processed by which of the following anatomical structures?

Accepted Answer

A) hindgut 
B) hemolymph 
C) rectal gland 
D) spiracles 
A) hindgut 
B) hemolymph 
C) rectal gland 
D) spiracles

Question 5

When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell?

Accepted Answer

A) There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell. 
B) There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell. 
C) There is no movement of substances into and out of the cell. 
D) All movement of molecules is directed by active transport. 
A) There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell. 
B) There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell. 
C) There is no movement of substances into and out of the cell. 
D) All movement of molecules is directed by active transport.

Question 6

In flour beetles and desert locusts,how is water conserved?

Accepted Answer

A) The pre-urine formed in the Malpighian tubules is hypertonic. 
B) Urine that is formed is isotonic to hemolymph,but the muscle cells surrounding spiracles of these organisms are able to significantly limit water loss due to respiration. 
C) Water is transported into hindgut cells through endocytosis. 
D) Sodium and chloride are actively transported out of pre-urine,and water follows,forming a hypertonic urine. 
A) The pre-urine formed in the Malpighian tubules is hypertonic. 
B) Urine that is formed is isotonic to hemolymph,but the muscle cells surrounding spiracles of these organisms are able to significantly limit water loss due to respiration. 
C) Water is transported into hindgut cells through endocytosis. 
D) Sodium and chloride are actively transported out of pre-urine,and water follows,forming a hypertonic urine.

Question 7

Paramecia live in pond water (a hypotonic environment).They have a structural feature,a contractile vacuole,that enables them to osmoregulate.If you observed paramecia in the following solutions,at which sucrose concentration would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active?

Accepted Answer

A) 0)0 mM sucrose 
B) 0)05 mM saline 
C) 0)08 mM sucrose 
D) 1)0 mM saline 
A) 0)0 mM sucrose 
B) 0)05 mM saline 
C) 0)08 mM sucrose 
D) 1)0 mM saline

Question 8

Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation.In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?

Accepted Answer

A) wet rain forest 
B) desert 
C) prairie 
D) chaparral 
A) wet rain forest 
B) desert 
C) prairie 
D) chaparral

Question 9

Your doctor takes a urine sample and finds protein in your urine.She orders one urine sample a day for one week.After analysis of the urine she does not see the protein elevation in any of the samples.Which of the following questions should she ask to determine what might have lead to this transient protein elevation?

Accepted Answer

A) "Did you eat a large meal in the last 24 hours?" 
B) "Did you engage in any vigorous exercise in the last 24 hours?" 
C) "Did you stay up studying last night?" 
D) "Are you fasting for Ramadan?" 
A) "Did you eat a large meal in the last 24 hours?" 
B) "Did you engage in any vigorous exercise in the last 24 hours?" 
C) "Did you stay up studying last night?" 
D) "Are you fasting for Ramadan?"

Question 10

Table 42.1
  
-The intercellular concentration of three electrolytes is compared with the concentration of these electrolytes in fluid eliminated from the shark rectal gland in Table 42.1.Based on the data,which of the following is a likely function of the rectal gland?

Accepted Answer

A) The rectal gland eliminates metabolic waste. 
B) The rectal gland is able to concentrate Na⁺,K⁺,and Cl⁻. 
C) The rectal gland cannot store Na⁺,K⁺,and Cl⁻. 
D) The rectal gland is the only site of osmoregulation in the shark. 
A) The rectal gland eliminates metabolic waste. 
B) The rectal gland is able to concentrate Na⁺,K⁺,and Cl⁻. 
C) The rectal gland cannot store Na⁺,K⁺,and Cl⁻. 
D) The rectal gland is the only site of osmoregulation in the shark.

Question 11

The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures?

Accepted Answer

A) the proximal convoluted tubule 
B) the loop of Henle 
C) the collecting duct 
D) Bowman's capsule 
A) the proximal convoluted tubule 
B) the loop of Henle 
C) the collecting duct 
D) Bowman's capsule

Question 12

Figure 42.1
  
-Figure 42.1 shows a nephron.Where does filtration take place in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Figure 42.1
  
-Figure 42.1 shows a...

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of osmoregulation?

Accepted Answer

A) two solutions that are isotonic 
B) the contractile vacuole of a Paramecium 
C) type 2 diabetes mellitus 
D) all of the above 
A) two solutions that are isotonic 
B) the contractile vacuole of a Paramecium 
C) type 2 diabetes mellitus 
D) all of the above

Question 14

Tissues of sharks are isotonic to seawater,but their concentrations of sodium ions,potassium ions,and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes.What can you infer about the movement of sodium and chloride in these animals?

Accepted Answer

A) To maintain homeostasis of sodium and chloride levels,the shark must take up additional sodium and chloride from seawater. 
B) Sodium and chloride will diffuse through shark gills from seawater down their concentration gradient. 
C) Sharks conserve sodium and chloride,limiting excretion. 
D) Sodium and chloride must be eliminated through the gills. 
A) To maintain homeostasis of sodium and chloride levels,the shark must take up additional sodium and chloride from seawater. 
B) Sodium and chloride will diffuse through shark gills from seawater down their concentration gradient. 
C) Sharks conserve sodium and chloride,limiting excretion. 
D) Sodium and chloride must be eliminated through the gills.

Question 15

How does ion composition of pre-urine differ from hemolymph?

Accepted Answer

A) Pre-urine is significantly higher in osmolarity (especially with respect to Na⁺ and K⁺). 
B) Hemolymph is higher in osmolarity,conserving its Cl⁻. 
C) Pre-urine is similar to hemolymph in ion composition. 
D) The protein pumps and channels of the Malpighian tubules concentrate Cl⁻ in the pre-urine. 
A) Pre-urine is significantly higher in osmolarity (especially with respect to Na⁺ and K⁺). 
B) Hemolymph is higher in osmolarity,conserving its Cl⁻. 
C) Pre-urine is similar to hemolymph in ion composition. 
D) The protein pumps and channels of the Malpighian tubules concentrate Cl⁻ in the pre-urine.

Question 16

What role does Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase play in salt excretion by the shark rectal gland?

Accepted Answer

A) Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps sodium out and potassium into cells across the apical membrane. 
B) Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps sodium in and potassium out of cells across the apical membrane. 
C) Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps sodium out and potassium into cells across the basolateral membrane. 
D) Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps sodium into and potassium out of cells across the basolateral membrane. 
A) Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps sodium out and potassium into cells across the apical membrane. 
B) Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps sodium in and potassium out of cells across the apical membrane. 
C) Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps sodium out and potassium into cells across the basolateral membrane. 
D) Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps sodium into and potassium out of cells across the basolateral membrane.

Question 17

Marine vertebrates are _____ to their environment.

Accepted Answer

A) isotonic 
B) hypotonic 
C) hypertonic 
D) osmotonic 
A) isotonic 
B) hypotonic 
C) hypertonic 
D) osmotonic

Question 18

What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A) The osmotic gradient allows for electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP. 
B) The osmotic gradient allows for the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes. 
C) The osmotic gradient allows for the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein. 
D) The osmotic gradient allows for the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus. 
A) The osmotic gradient allows for electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP. 
B) The osmotic gradient allows for the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes. 
C) The osmotic gradient allows for the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein. 
D) The osmotic gradient allows for the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus.

Exam 42: Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Which of the following affects the osmolarity of a solution?

Reabsorption of water in the hindgut of insects is controlled by which of the following?

Table 42.1 -Refer to Table 42.1: Because the shark rectal gland functions only when ATP molecules are present,what can you infer about the movement of Na⁺,K⁺,and Cl⁻?

Malpighian tubules form pre-urine,which is further processed by which of the following anatomical structures?

When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell?

In flour beetles and desert locusts,how is water conserved?

Paramecia live in pond water (a hypotonic environment).They have a structural feature,a contractile vacuole,that enables them to osmoregulate.If you observed paramecia in the following solutions,at which sucrose concentration would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active?

Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation.In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?

Table 42.1 -The intercellular concentration of three electrolytes is compared with the concentration of these electrolytes in fluid eliminated from the shark rectal gland in Table 42.1.Based on the data,which of the following is a likely function of the rectal gland?

The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures?

Figure 42.1 -Figure 42.1 shows a nephron.Where does filtration take place in the nephron?

Which of the following is an example of osmoregulation?

Tissues of sharks are isotonic to seawater,but their concentrations of sodium ions,potassium ions,and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes.What can you infer about the movement of sodium and chloride in these animals?

How does ion composition of pre-urine differ from hemolymph?

What role does Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase play in salt excretion by the shark rectal gland?

Marine vertebrates are _____ to their environment.

What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

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Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

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Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

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Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

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An Introduction to Ecology

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