Question 1

_____ atoms give organic molecules their overall shape;_____ atoms determine the overall chemical behavior of organic molecules.

Accepted Answer

A) Carbon;H,N,and O 
B) Hydrogen;C,N,and O 
C) Carbon;H₂O 
D) H,N,and O;carbon 
A) Carbon;H,N,and O 
B) Hydrogen;C,N,and O 
C) Carbon;H₂O 
D) H,N,and O;carbon

Question 2

Which of the following molecules is polar?

Accepted Answer

A) CH₄ 
B) C₂H₅COOH 
C) C₃H₇OH 
D) C₃H₇OH and C₂H₅COOH are polar molecules. 
A) CH₄ 
B) C₂H₅COOH 
C) C₃H₇OH 
D) C₃H₇OH and C₂H₅COOH are polar molecules.

Question 3

To act as an effective coolant in a car's radiator,a substance has to be a liquid at the temperatures found in your car's engine and have the capacity to absorb a great deal of heat.You have a reference book with tables listing the physical properties of many liquids.In choosing a coolant for your car,which table would you check first?

Accepted Answer

A) pH 
B) density at room temperature 
C) heat of vaporization 
D) specific heat 
A) pH 
B) density at room temperature 
C) heat of vaporization 
D) specific heat

Question 4

A pH of 7 is neutral due to the dissociation of water molecules in pure water.How many molecules of water have broken down into a hydroxide ion and a hydronium ion at pH 7?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 in 1 million 
B) 1 in 10 million 
C) 1 in 100 million 
D) 1 in 1 billion 
A) 1 in 1 million 
B) 1 in 10 million 
C) 1 in 100 million 
D) 1 in 1 billion

Question 5

You need to write down information about a molecule that gives the most accurate picture of the relative sizes of the atoms involved and their relationship in space.Which representation would work best?

Accepted Answer

A) molecular formula 
B) structural formula 
C) ball-and-stick model 
D) space-filling model 
A) molecular formula 
B) structural formula 
C) ball-and-stick model 
D) space-filling model

Question 6

You isolate a molecule and determine it is nonpolar.Based on this property,the molecule is largely composed of the elements _____.

Accepted Answer

A) carbon and oxygen 
B) carbon and hydrogen 
C) carbon and nitrogen 
D) nitrogen and hydrogen 
A) carbon and oxygen 
B) carbon and hydrogen 
C) carbon and nitrogen 
D) nitrogen and hydrogen

Question 7

An atom has six electrons in its valence shell.How many single covalent bonds would you expect it to form in most circumstances?

Accepted Answer

A) one 
B) two 
C) three 
D) six 
A) one 
B) two 
C) three 
D) six

Question 8

Which of the functional groups below acts like an acid in solution?

Accepted Answer

A) amino 
B) carbonyl 
C) carboxyl 
D) hydroxyl 
A) amino 
B) carbonyl 
C) carboxyl 
D) hydroxyl

Question 9

The Q10 rule states that within their survivable range the rates of biochemical processes of many ectothermic organisms approximately double with every 10-degree (C)rise in temperature.Why would this be true?

Accepted Answer

A) Warmer molecules interact faster. 
B) There are more vibrational harmonics with greater temperature. 
C) Organisms move faster when they are warmer. 
D) Sunlight warms all organisms. 
A) Warmer molecules interact faster. 
B) There are more vibrational harmonics with greater temperature. 
C) Organisms move faster when they are warmer. 
D) Sunlight warms all organisms.

Question 10

Which reaction is most spontaneous?

Accepted Answer

A) a reaction that is slightly exothermic and leads to a slight increase in entropy 
B) a reaction that is slightly endothermic and leads to a huge decrease in entropy 
C) a reaction that is highly exothermic and leads to a huge decrease in entropy 
D) a reaction that is slightly exothermic and leads to a huge increase in entropy 
A) a reaction that is slightly exothermic and leads to a slight increase in entropy 
B) a reaction that is slightly endothermic and leads to a huge decrease in entropy 
C) a reaction that is highly exothermic and leads to a huge decrease in entropy 
D) a reaction that is slightly exothermic and leads to a huge increase in entropy

Question 11

Which of the following is a violation of the first law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A) The amount of energy stored in a plant's cell as sugars after undergoing photosynthesis is less than the amount of sunlight it absorbed. 
B) A hydrogen bomb can destroy a large city with only a few pounds of explosive material. 
C) All of the energy in the universe today was present when the Big Bang occurred. 
D) The universe will eventually die,and it will have no energy left in it. 
A) The amount of energy stored in a plant's cell as sugars after undergoing photosynthesis is less than the amount of sunlight it absorbed. 
B) A hydrogen bomb can destroy a large city with only a few pounds of explosive material. 
C) All of the energy in the universe today was present when the Big Bang occurred. 
D) The universe will eventually die,and it will have no energy left in it.

Question 12

How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

A) one 
B) two 
C) three 
D) four 
A) one 
B) two 
C) three 
D) four

Question 13

The sole of a gecko's foot is covered with millions and millions of small,dry "hairs" that make direct contact with surfaces,and allow geckos to walk up walls and dangle from the ceiling.Experiments showed that the "hairs" stick well to strongly hydrophobic,strongly hydrophilic,and electrically neutral surfaces and that covalent bonds were not involved.What noncovalent bond is probably involved in the foot adhering to a surface?

Accepted Answer

A) ionic bonds 
B) hydrogen bonds 
C) both hydrogen and ionic bonds 
D) neither hydrogen nor ionic bonds 
A) ionic bonds 
B) hydrogen bonds 
C) both hydrogen and ionic bonds 
D) neither hydrogen nor ionic bonds

Question 14

If delta G is greater than zero,_____.

Accepted Answer

A) you have decreased the amount of free energy in the system 
B) you have decreased the amount of entropy in the system 
C) you have decreased the total amount of energy in the system 
D) you have increased the total amount of energy in the system 
A) you have decreased the amount of free energy in the system 
B) you have decreased the amount of entropy in the system 
C) you have decreased the total amount of energy in the system 
D) you have increased the total amount of energy in the system

Question 15

If you change the number of neutrons in an atom,you create _____.

Accepted Answer

A) a cation 
B) an anion 
C) an isotope 
D) a different element 
A) a cation 
B) an anion 
C) an isotope 
D) a different element

Question 16

Which of the following is the best description of an atom's physical structure?

Accepted Answer

A) An atom is a solid mass of material. 
B) The particles that form an atom are equidistant from each other. 
C) Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated at the center of the bubble. 
D) Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated on the outside surface of the bubble. 
A) An atom is a solid mass of material. 
B) The particles that form an atom are equidistant from each other. 
C) Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated at the center of the bubble. 
D) Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated on the outside surface of the bubble.

Question 17

Nitrogen (N)normally forms only three covalent bonds because it has a valence of five.However,ammonium has four covalent bonds,each to a different hydrogen (H)atom (H has a valence of one).Make a sketch of this molecule.Count the number of electrons in your sketch.Compare this number to the number of valence electrons in one N and four H's.What do you predict to be the charge on this molecule?

Accepted Answer

A) +1 
B) -1 
C) +2 
D) -2 
A) +1 
B) -1 
C) +2 
D) -2

Question 18

Which statement best summarizes the essence of chemical evolution?

Accepted Answer

A) Energy in the form of sunlight or heat was transformed into chemical energy. 
B) Instead of being radiated back to space,energy in the form of sunlight or heat was retained in the oceans and atmosphere because of water's high specific heat. 
C) Entropy increased. 
D) An increasing number of exothermic reactions occurred. 
A) Energy in the form of sunlight or heat was transformed into chemical energy. 
B) Instead of being radiated back to space,energy in the form of sunlight or heat was retained in the oceans and atmosphere because of water's high specific heat. 
C) Entropy increased. 
D) An increasing number of exothermic reactions occurred.

Question 19

Which of the following is a property of liquid water?

Accepted Answer

A) Its density is less than ice. 
B) Its specific heat is lower than that for most other substances. 
C) Its heat of vaporization is higher than that for most other substances. 
D) It is nonpolar. 
A) Its density is less than ice. 
B) Its specific heat is lower than that for most other substances. 
C) Its heat of vaporization is higher than that for most other substances. 
D) It is nonpolar.

Question 20

Why do chemical reactions tend to speed up when the concentration of the reactants is increased?

Accepted Answer

A) The reactants move faster. 
B) The reactants collide more often. 
C) The reactants have greater energy. 
D) All of the above apply. 
A) The reactants move faster. 
B) The reactants collide more often. 
C) The reactants have greater energy. 
D) All of the above apply.

Exam 2: Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

_____ atoms give organic molecules their overall shape;_____ atoms determine the overall chemical behavior of organic molecules.

Which of the following molecules is polar?

A pH of 7 is neutral due to the dissociation of water molecules in pure water.How many molecules of water have broken down into a hydroxide ion and a hydronium ion at pH 7?

You need to write down information about a molecule that gives the most accurate picture of the relative sizes of the atoms involved and their relationship in space.Which representation would work best?

You isolate a molecule and determine it is nonpolar.Based on this property,the molecule is largely composed of the elements _____.

An atom has six electrons in its valence shell.How many single covalent bonds would you expect it to form in most circumstances?

Which of the functional groups below acts like an acid in solution?

The Q10 rule states that within their survivable range the rates of biochemical processes of many ectothermic organisms approximately double with every 10-degree (C)rise in temperature.Why would this be true?

Which reaction is most spontaneous?

Which of the following is a violation of the first law of thermodynamics?

How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond?

If delta G is greater than zero,_____.

If you change the number of neutrons in an atom,you create _____.

Which of the following is the best description of an atom's physical structure?

Which statement best summarizes the essence of chemical evolution?

Which of the following is a property of liquid water?

Why do chemical reactions tend to speed up when the concentration of the reactants is increased?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

_ atoms give organic molecules their overall shape;_ atoms determine the overall chemical behavior of organic molecules.