Question 1

What does it mean to say a system has a AG equal to zero?

Accepted Answer

A)  The system is perfectly ordered no entropy). 
B)  The total amount of potential energy in the system is zero. 
C)  The system is at equilibrium. 
D)  The system does not release or absorb heat. 
A)  The system is perfectly ordered no entropy). 
B)  The total amount of potential energy in the system is zero. 
C)  The system is at equilibrium. 
D)  The system does not release or absorb heat.

Question 2

While water has many exceptional and useful properties, which is the rarest property among compounds?

Accepted Answer

A)  Water is a solvent. 
B)  Water has surface tension. 
C)  Water has a high heat capacity. 
D)  Solid water is less dense than liquid water. 
A)  Water is a solvent. 
B)  Water has surface tension. 
C)  Water has a high heat capacity. 
D)  Solid water is less dense than liquid water.

Question 3

Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water?

Accepted Answer

A)  Water flows upward from the roots to the leaves in plants. 
B)  Lakes don't freeze solid in winter despite low temperatures. 
C)  A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond. 
D)  Evaporation of sweat from the skin helps to keep people from overheating. 
E)  Organisms resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical reactions. 
A)  Water flows upward from the roots to the leaves in plants. 
B)  Lakes don't freeze solid in winter despite low temperatures. 
C)  A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond. 
D)  Evaporation of sweat from the skin helps to keep people from overheating. 
E)  Organisms resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical reactions.

Question 4

How many electrons are involved in a double covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  four 
A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  four

Question 5

You need to write down information about a molecule that gives the most accurate picture of the relative sizes of the atoms involved and their relationship in space. Which representation would work best?

Accepted Answer

A)  space- filling model 
B)  structural formula 
C)  molecular formula 
D)  ball- and- stick model 
A)  space- filling model 
B)  structural formula 
C)  molecular formula 
D)  ball- and- stick model

Question 6

If an atom is electrically neutral, which of the following must be true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It has the same number of neutrons as electrons. 
B)  It has the same number of protons as electrons. 
C)  It has at least one more electron than it has protons. 
D)  It has the same number of protons as neutrons. 
A)  It has the same number of neutrons as electrons. 
B)  It has the same number of protons as electrons. 
C)  It has at least one more electron than it has protons. 
D)  It has the same number of protons as neutrons.

Question 7

Why is water capable of forming hydrogen bonds?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is highly polar. 
B)  The oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge. 
C)  The hydrogen atoms carry partial positive charges. 
D)  All of the above apply. 
A)  It is highly polar. 
B)  The oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge. 
C)  The hydrogen atoms carry partial positive charges. 
D)  All of the above apply.

Question 8

An atom has six electrons in its valence shell. How many single covalent bonds would you expect it to form in most circumstances?

Accepted Answer

A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  six 
A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  six

Question 9

Consider the experiment that Stanley Miller did to simulate chemical evolution. Recall that a glass flask held the reduced gases NH3, CH4, and H2 and that the gases were exposed to electrical sparks. What is the null hypothesis in the experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chemical evolution does not occur. 
B)  Chemical evolution requires the presence of reduced molecules. 
C)  Chemical evolution occurs only on Earth. 
D)  Chemical evolution requires a source of kinetic energy. 
E)  Chemical evolution requires continuous heating. 
A)  Chemical evolution does not occur. 
B)  Chemical evolution requires the presence of reduced molecules. 
C)  Chemical evolution occurs only on Earth. 
D)  Chemical evolution requires a source of kinetic energy. 
E)  Chemical evolution requires continuous heating.

Question 10

When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity, what type of bond results?

Accepted Answer

A)  an ionic bond 
B)  a nonpolar covalent bond 
C)  a polar covalent bond 
D)  a hydrogen bond 
A)  an ionic bond 
B)  a nonpolar covalent bond 
C)  a polar covalent bond 
D)  a hydrogen bond

Question 11

Which reaction is most spontaneous?

Accepted Answer

A)  a reaction that is slightly exothermic and leads to a huge increase in entropy 
B)  a reaction that is slightly endothermic and leads to a huge decrease in entropy 
C)  a reaction that is highly exothermic and leads to a huge decrease in entropy 
D)  a reaction that is slightly exothermic and leads to a slight increase in entropy 
A)  a reaction that is slightly exothermic and leads to a huge increase in entropy 
B)  a reaction that is slightly endothermic and leads to a huge decrease in entropy 
C)  a reaction that is highly exothermic and leads to a huge decrease in entropy 
D)  a reaction that is slightly exothermic and leads to a slight increase in entropy

Question 12

Experiments by Stanley Miller in the 1950s demonstrated that the first organic molecules on Earth

Accepted Answer

A)  were catalysts composed of simple amino acids and most likely formed in an extraterrestrial environment and were deposited on Earth via asteroids. 
B)  most likely formed in an extraterrestrial environment and were deposited on Earth via asteroids. 
C)  were nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. 
D)  could have formed abiotically in a reducing atmosphere containing hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water vapour. 
E)  were simple carbohydrates like glucose. 
A)  were catalysts composed of simple amino acids and most likely formed in an extraterrestrial environment and were deposited on Earth via asteroids. 
B)  most likely formed in an extraterrestrial environment and were deposited on Earth via asteroids. 
C)  were nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. 
D)  could have formed abiotically in a reducing atmosphere containing hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water vapour. 
E)  were simple carbohydrates like glucose.

Question 13

You've been asked to analyze a reaction that took place at 300°K. AH was - 150 and AS was +0.4. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

Accepted Answer

A)  exothermic 
B)  endothermic 
C)  You cannot tell unless you know the potential energy of the reactants and products. 
D)  You cannot tell unless you know the amount of disorder in the reactants and products. 
A)  exothermic 
B)  endothermic 
C)  You cannot tell unless you know the potential energy of the reactants and products. 
D)  You cannot tell unless you know the amount of disorder in the reactants and products.

Exam 2: Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

What does it mean to say a system has a AG equal to zero?

While water has many exceptional and useful properties, which is the rarest property among compounds?

Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water?

How many electrons are involved in a double covalent bond?

You need to write down information about a molecule that gives the most accurate picture of the relative sizes of the atoms involved and their relationship in space. Which representation would work best?

If an atom is electrically neutral, which of the following must be true?

Why is water capable of forming hydrogen bonds?

An atom has six electrons in its valence shell. How many single covalent bonds would you expect it to form in most circumstances?

Consider the experiment that Stanley Miller did to simulate chemical evolution. Recall that a glass flask held the reduced gases NH3, CH4, and H2 and that the gases were exposed to electrical sparks. What is the null hypothesis in the experiment?

When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity, what type of bond results?

Which reaction is most spontaneous?

Experiments by Stanley Miller in the 1950s demonstrated that the first organic molecules on Earth

You've been asked to analyze a reaction that took place at 300°K. AH was - 150 and AS was +0.4. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Gene Structure and Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

Consider the experiment that Stanley Miller did to simulate chemical evolution. Recall that a glass flask held the reduced gases NH₃, CH₄, and H₂and that the gases were exposed to electrical sparks. What is the null hypothesis in the experiment?