Question 1

Figure 25.1
-Which of the following trees depicts the same relationship among species as shown in Figure 25.1?

Accepted Answer

A)    
B)    
C)    
D)  None; the above trees all depict a different relationship among species. 
A)    
B)    
C)    
D)  None; the above trees all depict a different relationship among species. A

Question 2

Which of the following likely has the most Hox genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  dolphins 
B)  bees 
C)  slugs 
D)  jellyfish 
A)  dolphins 
B)  bees 
C)  slugs 
D)  jellyfish A

Question 3

$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | } 
\hline & \text { Trait 1 } & \text { Trait 2 } & \text { Trait 3 } \
\hline \text { Species W } & 1 & 0 & 0 \
\hline \text { Species } X & 1 & 1 & 0 \
\hline \text { Species } Y & 1 & 1 & 0 \
\hline \text { Species Z } & 1 & 0 & 1 \
\hline
\end{array}$ Based on the table provided, which of the following traits is/are useful in generating a phylogeny for species W, Z?

Accepted Answer

A)  Traits 2 and 3 
B)  Trait 2 only 
C)  Traits 1 and 2 
D)  Traits 1 and 3 
E)  Trait 3 only 
A)  Traits 2 and 3 
B)  Trait 2 only 
C)  Traits 1 and 2 
D)  Traits 1 and 3 
E)  Trait 3 only B

Question 4

The Mesozoic era is nicknamed the Age of Reptiles and the Cenozoic era is nicknamed the Age of Mammals. What do these nicknames mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  They indicate that the two eras are about the same length, because one lineage dominates the fauna of Earth only for a set period of time. 
B)  They identify the time of greatest diversity of these groups in the fossil record. 
C)  They identify the point of origin of these groups in the fossil record. 
D)  Both A and C are true. 
E)  Both B and C are true. 
A)  They indicate that the two eras are about the same length, because one lineage dominates the fauna of Earth only for a set period of time. 
B)  They identify the time of greatest diversity of these groups in the fossil record. 
C)  They identify the point of origin of these groups in the fossil record. 
D)  Both A and C are true. 
E)  Both B and C are true.

Question 5

Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  homology. 
B)  parsimony. 
C)  convergent evolution. 
D)  a synapomorphy. 
A)  homology. 
B)  parsimony. 
C)  convergent evolution. 
D)  a synapomorphy.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true about a phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

A)  A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features in addition to synapomorphies. 
B)  Descendant groups branches) from the same node do not necessarily share any derived characters. 
C)  The outgroup has mostly ancestral traits relative to the rest of the branches. 
D)  All of the above answers are correct. 
E)  None of the above answers are correct. 
A)  A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features in addition to synapomorphies. 
B)  Descendant groups branches) from the same node do not necessarily share any derived characters. 
C)  The outgroup has mostly ancestral traits relative to the rest of the branches. 
D)  All of the above answers are correct. 
E)  None of the above answers are correct.

Question 7

Figure 25.3
-Applying the principle of parsimony to the trait "ability to fly," which of the two phylogenetic trees above is most parsimonious?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tree 1 
B)  Tree 2 
C)  Both trees are equally parsimonious. 
A)  Tree 1 
B)  Tree 2 
C)  Both trees are equally parsimonious.

Question 8

Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily?

Accepted Answer

A)  to see if it's a cryptic orchid species 
B)  to serve as an out-group 
C)  to see if the lily and the orchids show all the same shared derived characters synapomorphies) 
D)  to see if you were paying attention 
A)  to see if it's a cryptic orchid species 
B)  to serve as an out-group 
C)  to see if the lily and the orchids show all the same shared derived characters synapomorphies) 
D)  to see if you were paying attention

Question 9

Which of the following organisms would be most likely to fossilize?

Accepted Answer

A)  a rare worm 
B)  a rare squirrel 
C)  a common squirrel 
D)  a common worm 
A)  a rare worm 
B)  a rare squirrel 
C)  a common squirrel 
D)  a common worm

Question 10

Proposed number of Hox genes in some extant and extinct animal groups $\begin{array} { | c | c | c | c | } 
\hline \begin{array} { c } 
\text { Last Common } \
\text { Ancestor of Bilateria }
\end{array} & \begin{array} { c } 
\text { Last Common Ancesto } \
\text { of Insects and } \
\text { Vertebrates }
\end{array} & \text { Ancestral Verte brates } & \text { Mammals } \
\hline 4 & 7 & 14 & 38 \
\hline
\end{array}$ Which of the following is the most parsimonious explanation for the change in the number of Hox genes from the last common ancestor of insects and vertebrates to ancestral vertebrates, as shown in the table provided?

Accepted Answer

A)  the occurrence of two distinct duplications of the entire seven-gene cluster, followed by the loss of one cluster 
B)  two distinct duplications of a three-gene cluster of Hox genes, followed by an independent duplication of an individual Hox gene 
C)  the occurrence of seven independent duplications of individual Hox genes 
D)  the occurrence of a single duplication of the entire seven-gene cluster 
A)  the occurrence of two distinct duplications of the entire seven-gene cluster, followed by the loss of one cluster 
B)  two distinct duplications of a three-gene cluster of Hox genes, followed by an independent duplication of an individual Hox gene 
C)  the occurrence of seven independent duplications of individual Hox genes 
D)  the occurrence of a single duplication of the entire seven-gene cluster

Question 11

All of the following events can trigger an adaptive radiation EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  the evolution of a new morphological feature. 
B)  a vicariance event splitting the habitat. 
C)  the extinction of competitors. 
D)  gene duplication events. 
E)  the colonization of a new habitat. 
A)  the evolution of a new morphological feature. 
B)  a vicariance event splitting the habitat. 
C)  the extinction of competitors. 
D)  gene duplication events. 
E)  the colonization of a new habitat.

Question 12

Islands are well known for having many endemic species-species that are unique to that location. What isa likely explanation for this pattern?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans bring partly or fully domesticated species with them when they arrive on islands. 
B)  Colonizers encounter fewer competitors on an island, so they can diversify. 
C)  The type of organism that is a good colonizer has more than the average amount of genetic variability, so it's more likely to speciate. 
D)  Islands are more complex habitats than continents are, so they have more niches for specialization. 
A)  Humans bring partly or fully domesticated species with them when they arrive on islands. 
B)  Colonizers encounter fewer competitors on an island, so they can diversify. 
C)  The type of organism that is a good colonizer has more than the average amount of genetic variability, so it's more likely to speciate. 
D)  Islands are more complex habitats than continents are, so they have more niches for specialization.

Question 13

Which statement best describes why the Cambrian explosion was important?

Accepted Answer

A)  because plant and animal fossils were found together for the first time 
B)  because there was an explosion in ecological diversity among animals 
C)  because good fossils from this period are available to study 
D)  because there was an explosion in animal abundance 
A)  because plant and animal fossils were found together for the first time 
B)  because there was an explosion in ecological diversity among animals 
C)  because good fossils from this period are available to study 
D)  because there was an explosion in animal abundance

Question 14

Figure 25.2
-In the phylogenetic trees above, numbers represent species and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 and 2 
B)  2 and 3 
C)  3 and 4 
D)  5 and 6 
E)  The two trees show all the same phylogenetic relationships. 
A)  1 and 2 
B)  2 and 3 
C)  3 and 4 
D)  5 and 6 
E)  The two trees show all the same phylogenetic relationships.

Question 15

Which of the following organisms would be most likely to fossilize?

Accepted Answer

A)  a species of clam found in a shallow marine habitat 
B)  a species of rat that lives in the desert 
C)  a species of flower found in Ontario forests 
D)  a species of slug that lives in the rain forest 
A)  a species of clam found in a shallow marine habitat 
B)  a species of rat that lives in the desert 
C)  a species of flower found in Ontario forests 
D)  a species of slug that lives in the rain forest

Question 16

Which of the following catastrophes is linked to the end-Permian mass extinction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Earthquakes and tsunamis destroyed much of Earth's surface, killing most land-dwelling organisms. 
B)  Glaciers covered most of the land and shallow seas, preventing plant growth. 
C)  A meteor impact filled the atmosphere with ash and dust, blocking out the Sun and causing global cooling. 
D)  Volcanic eruptions cooled the planet by shading incoming solar radiation. 
E)  Flood basalts caused a massive spike in atmospheric CO2, leading to extreme global warming. 
A)  Earthquakes and tsunamis destroyed much of Earth's surface, killing most land-dwelling organisms. 
B)  Glaciers covered most of the land and shallow seas, preventing plant growth. 
C)  A meteor impact filled the atmosphere with ash and dust, blocking out the Sun and causing global cooling. 
D)  Volcanic eruptions cooled the planet by shading incoming solar radiation. 
E)  Flood basalts caused a massive spike in atmospheric CO2, leading to extreme global warming.

Question 17

Figure 25.4
-For the streamlined bodies shown in Figure 25.4 above to be homologous instead of homoplasious, which of the following groups would you expect to also have streamlined bodies? Assume the trait was not lost in any of the lineages on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 25.4.

Accepted Answer

A)  lizards and elephants 
B)  pterosaurs, dinosaurs, birds, and lizards 
C)  synapsids, monotremes, marsupials, elephants, primates, and rodents 
D)  all of the above 
E)  either B or C 
A)  lizards and elephants 
B)  pterosaurs, dinosaurs, birds, and lizards 
C)  synapsids, monotremes, marsupials, elephants, primates, and rodents 
D)  all of the above 
E)  either B or C

Question 18

Which of the following would be least likely in the fossil record?

Accepted Answer

A)  marine-dwelling species 
B)  burrowing species 
C)  marsh-dwelling species 
D)  desert-dwelling species 
A)  marine-dwelling species 
B)  burrowing species 
C)  marsh-dwelling species 
D)  desert-dwelling species

Question 19

Which of the following is a monophyletic group?

Accepted Answer

A)  fishes 
B)  dinosaurs excluding birds) 
C)  amphibians 
D)  mammals 
E)  all of the above 
A)  fishes 
B)  dinosaurs excluding birds) 
C)  amphibians 
D)  mammals 
E)  all of the above

Question 20

Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree. 
B)  Parsimony ensures there will be no homoplasous traits in the tree. 
C)  Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution. 
D)  Parsimony helps clarify the goals of evolution. 
A)  Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree. 
B)  Parsimony ensures there will be no homoplasous traits in the tree. 
C)  Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution. 
D)  Parsimony helps clarify the goals of evolution.

Exam 25: Phylogenies and the History of Life

Figure 25.1 -Which of the following trees depicts the same relationship among species as shown in Figure 25.1?

Which of the following likely has the most Hox genes?

Trait 1 Trait 2 Trait 3 Species W 1 0 0 Species X 1 1 0 Species Y 1 1 0 Species Z 1 0 1 Based on the table provided, which of the following traits is/are useful in generating a phylogeny for species W, Z?

The Mesozoic era is nicknamed the Age of Reptiles and the Cenozoic era is nicknamed the Age of Mammals. What do these nicknames mean?

Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of

Which of the following statements is true about a phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic tree?

Figure 25.3 -Applying the principle of parsimony to the trait "ability to fly," which of the two phylogenetic trees above is most parsimonious?

Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily?

Which of the following organisms would be most likely to fossilize?

All of the following events can trigger an adaptive radiation EXCEPT

Islands are well known for having many endemic species-species that are unique to that location. What isa likely explanation for this pattern?

Which statement best describes why the Cambrian explosion was important?

Figure 25.2 -In the phylogenetic trees above, numbers represent species and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1?

Which of the following organisms would be most likely to fossilize?

Which of the following catastrophes is linked to the end-Permian mass extinction?

Figure 25.4 -For the streamlined bodies shown in Figure 25.4 above to be homologous instead of homoplasious, which of the following groups would you expect to also have streamlined bodies? Assume the trait was not lost in any of the lineages on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 25.4.

Which of the following would be least likely in the fossil record?

Which of the following is a monophyletic group?

Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Gene Structure and Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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