Question 1

Which of the following questions is asked in functional genomics research?

Accepted Answer

A)  What is the number of Drosophila genes? 
B)  How closely related are the visual pigment genes of mouse and human? 
C)  How does the G- C content of human DNA vary across the genome? 
D)  What is the pattern of gene expression during mouse development? 
E)  How many introns exist in the human CFTR gene? 
A)  What is the number of Drosophila genes? 
B)  How closely related are the visual pigment genes of mouse and human? 
C)  How does the G- C content of human DNA vary across the genome? 
D)  What is the pattern of gene expression during mouse development? 
E)  How many introns exist in the human CFTR gene?

Question 2

The final step in a DNA sequencing reaction is to run the DNA fragments on a gel. What purpose does this serve?

Accepted Answer

A)  It terminates the sequencing reaction at particular bases. 
B)  It provides the substrate for DNA polymerase. 
C)  It separates dideoxynucleotides from deoxynucleotides. 
D)  It separates DNA fragments generated during the sequencing reaction based on one- nucleotide differences in their size. 
A)  It terminates the sequencing reaction at particular bases. 
B)  It provides the substrate for DNA polymerase. 
C)  It separates dideoxynucleotides from deoxynucleotides. 
D)  It separates DNA fragments generated during the sequencing reaction based on one- nucleotide differences in their size.

Question 3

Since dideoxy sequencing is based on the chain termination, why are normal deoxynucleotides also included in the reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  to produce a range of DNA synthesis products that terminate at every occurrence of a particular base 
B)  to provide a substrate for DNA polymerase 
C)  to create DNA synthesis products long enough to allow running a gel 
D)  to enhance the chain termination ability of the deoxynucleotides 
A)  to produce a range of DNA synthesis products that terminate at every occurrence of a particular base 
B)  to provide a substrate for DNA polymerase 
C)  to create DNA synthesis products long enough to allow running a gel 
D)  to enhance the chain termination ability of the deoxynucleotides

Question 4

Imagine that you are searching for the gene associated with nail- patella syndrome, a dominant genetic disorder that causes developmental abnormalities. In a large pedigree, you discover an association between nail- patella syndrome and a genetic marker that occurs in two different alleles, A and B. Fifteen individuals within this pedigree have nail- patella syndrome and are A/B heterozygotes for the marker. Thirty individuals within this pedigree don't suffer from nail- patella syndrome and are homozygous for the A marker allele. One individual within this pedigree has nail- patella syndrome and is also homozygous for the A marker allele. The most likely explanation for this exceptional individual is

Accepted Answer

A)  recombination occurred between the nail- patella gene and marker gene in one of the parents of the exceptional individual. 
B)  a new mutation converted the B allele of the marker to the A form. 
C)  a new mutation converted the disease- causing allele to the wild- type form. 
D)  the exceptional nail- patella individual is haploid. 
A)  recombination occurred between the nail- patella gene and marker gene in one of the parents of the exceptional individual. 
B)  a new mutation converted the B allele of the marker to the A form. 
C)  a new mutation converted the disease- causing allele to the wild- type form. 
D)  the exceptional nail- patella individual is haploid.

Question 5

Imagine that you compare two DNA sequences found in the same location on homologous chromosomes. On one of the homologs, the sequence is AACTACGA. On the other homolog, the sequence is AACTTCGA. Within a population, you discover that each of these sequences is common. These sequences

Accepted Answer

A)  identify a protein- coding region of a gene. 
B)  cause disease. 
C)  protect against disease. 
D)  contain a SNP that may be useful for genetic mapping. 
E)  none of the above. 
A)  identify a protein- coding region of a gene. 
B)  cause disease. 
C)  protect against disease. 
D)  contain a SNP that may be useful for genetic mapping. 
E)  none of the above.

Question 6

Unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one sister chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication. A mutated form of hemoglobin, so- called hemoglobin Lepore, exists in the human population. Hemoglobin Lepore has a deleted series of amino acids. If this mutated form was caused by unequal crossing over, what would be an expected consequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion. 
B)  The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling. 
C)  If it is still maintained in the human population, hemoglobin Lepore must be selected for in evolution. 
D)  The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome. 
E)  There should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore. 
A)  Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion. 
B)  The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling. 
C)  If it is still maintained in the human population, hemoglobin Lepore must be selected for in evolution. 
D)  The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome. 
E)  There should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore.

Question 7

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
A study by Krings et al. investigated Neanderthal DNA by amplifying 30 000- year- old samples and sequencing it. M. Krings Stone, R.W. Schmitz, H. Krainitzki, M. Stoneking, and S. Pääbo. 1997. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90:19- 30).
Here is part of the lead paragraph in the "Methods" section of the Krings et al. paper:
Protective clothing was worn throughout the sampling procedure. Instruments used were treated with 1 M HCl followed by e rinsing in distilled water. After removal, the sample was immediately put into a sterile tube for transport to Munich. All subse manipulations of the sample, and experimental procedures prior to cycling of PCR reactions, were carried out in laboratories dedicated to the analysis of archaeological specimens, where protective clothing, separate equipment and reagents, UV irradia other measures to...
A concluding paragraph of the Krings et al. paper states:
It must be emphasized that the above conclusions are based on a single individual sequence; the retrieval and analysis of mtD sequences from additional Neanderthal specimens is obviously desirable. If this proves possible, then the potential exists to address several questions concerning Neanderthals that hitherto could be studied exclusively by morphological and archaeological approaches. For example, the genetic relationship between Neanderthal populations in Europe and in western Asia could be explored, as could the demographic history of Neanderthal populations.
-How could the "demographic history of Neanderthal populations" be explored if mitochondrial DNA from other Neanderthal samples could be PCR amplified?

Accepted Answer

A)  These Neanderthal sequences could be compared to each other to see how much they differ; the more they differ, the greater the divergence between these populations. 
B)  In the attempt to amplify other Neanderthal DNAs, those that amplify must be from more modern populations and those that don't are from more ancient populations. 
C)  These Neanderthal sequences could be compared to those of modern humans to learn if they are closely related. 
D)  These Neanderthal sequences could be compared to those of modern humans; the more they differ, the more distant the time of divergence between the Neanderthal and modern human lineages. 
A)  These Neanderthal sequences could be compared to each other to see how much they differ; the more they differ, the greater the divergence between these populations. 
B)  In the attempt to amplify other Neanderthal DNAs, those that amplify must be from more modern populations and those that don't are from more ancient populations. 
C)  These Neanderthal sequences could be compared to those of modern humans to learn if they are closely related. 
D)  These Neanderthal sequences could be compared to those of modern humans; the more they differ, the more distant the time of divergence between the Neanderthal and modern human lineages.

Question 8

When constructing a cDNA library from a particular organism, the choice of tissue is , whereas when constructing a genomic DNA library from the same organism, the choice of tissue is .

Accepted Answer

A)  immaterial; immaterial 
B)  critical; immaterial 
C)  critical; critical 
D)  immaterial; critical 
A)  immaterial; immaterial 
B)  critical; immaterial 
C)  critical; critical 
D)  immaterial; critical

Question 9

Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  plasmid replication. 
B)  bacterial cell replication. 
C)  Southern blotting. 
D)  A and B. 
E)  all of the above. 
A)  plasmid replication. 
B)  bacterial cell replication. 
C)  Southern blotting. 
D)  A and B. 
E)  all of the above.

Question 10

Name two examples of lateral gene transfer to eukaryotes that involve cellular organelles.

Accepted Answer

A)  transfer of the bacterial spindle apparatus to form ribosomes and transfer RNAs 
B)  transfer of bacterial genes that were predecessors to mitochondria and chloroplasts 
C)  transfer of bacterial chloroplasts to form nuclei and ribosomes 
D)  transfer of the bacterial mitochondrial apparatus to form nuclei and ribosomes 
E)  transfer of bacterial genes to form nuclei and the mitotic spindle apparatus 
A)  transfer of the bacterial spindle apparatus to form ribosomes and transfer RNAs 
B)  transfer of bacterial genes that were predecessors to mitochondria and chloroplasts 
C)  transfer of bacterial chloroplasts to form nuclei and ribosomes 
D)  transfer of the bacterial mitochondrial apparatus to form nuclei and ribosomes 
E)  transfer of bacterial genes to form nuclei and the mitotic spindle apparatus

Question 11

The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions, including which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more than the number of its genes. 
B)  More than half of the human genome is composed of genes that are transcribed and then translated into protein. 
C)  The density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. 
D)  The genomes of most other organisms are significantly smaller than the human genome. 
E)  Most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. 
A)  The number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more than the number of its genes. 
B)  More than half of the human genome is composed of genes that are transcribed and then translated into protein. 
C)  The density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. 
D)  The genomes of most other organisms are significantly smaller than the human genome. 
E)  Most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA.

Question 12

What would happen if alternative splicing did not occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  The E. coli genome would contain many fewer genes. 
B)  There would be little correlation between the complexity of organisms and genome size. 
C)  There would be many fewer genes devoted to metabolism in Arabidopsis and yeast. 
D)  The human genome would likely contain many more genes. 
E)  Fewer mutations would occur in a human cell's lifespan. 
A)  The E. coli genome would contain many fewer genes. 
B)  There would be little correlation between the complexity of organisms and genome size. 
C)  There would be many fewer genes devoted to metabolism in Arabidopsis and yeast. 
D)  The human genome would likely contain many more genes. 
E)  Fewer mutations would occur in a human cell's lifespan.

Question 13

The restriction enzymes BamHI and BclI cut at the points indicated by arrows:
 
If one sample of DNA was cut with BamHI and another with BclI, and these two samples were mixed and treate DNA ligase, what would occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  No DNAs would be ligated joined together). 
B)  Only the BamHI- cut DNA would be ligated. 
C)  Only the BclI- cut DNA would be ligated. 
D)  Both BamHI- cut and BclI- cut DNAs would be ligated, but only to DNA fragments cut with the same enzyme e.g., BamHI fragments would be ligated only to other BamHI fragments). 
E)  Both BamHI- cut and BclI- cut DNAs would be ligated with no preference for which fragment is ligated to which other. 
A)  No DNAs would be ligated joined together). 
B)  Only the BamHI- cut DNA would be ligated. 
C)  Only the BclI- cut DNA would be ligated. 
D)  Both BamHI- cut and BclI- cut DNAs would be ligated, but only to DNA fragments cut with the same enzyme e.g., BamHI fragments would be ligated only to other BamHI fragments). 
E)  Both BamHI- cut and BclI- cut DNAs would be ligated with no preference for which fragment is ligated to which other.

Question 14

What does bioinformatics include?
I. using computer programs to align DNA sequences
II. creating recombinant DNA from separate species
III. developing computer- based tools for genome analysis
IV. using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems

Accepted Answer

A)  II and IV 
B)  I, III, and IV 
C)  I and II 
D)  I, II, III, and IV 
E)  II and III 
A)  II and IV 
B)  I, III, and IV 
C)  I and II 
D)  I, II, III, and IV 
E)  II and III

Question 15

The general term for the manipulation of organisms to create products or cure disease is

Accepted Answer

A)  recombinant DNA technology. 
B)  biotechnology. 
C)  plasmid- mediated transformation. 
D)  gene cloning. 
A)  recombinant DNA technology. 
B)  biotechnology. 
C)  plasmid- mediated transformation. 
D)  gene cloning.

Question 16

Transgenic mice

Accepted Answer

A)  were instrumental in pinpointing the location of the huntingtin gene. 
B)  often provide valuable animal models of human disease. 
C)  are essential for mapping human genes. 
D)  are now used in place of bacteria for cloning human genes. 
A)  were instrumental in pinpointing the location of the huntingtin gene. 
B)  often provide valuable animal models of human disease. 
C)  are essential for mapping human genes. 
D)  are now used in place of bacteria for cloning human genes.

Question 17

Gene therapy requires

Accepted Answer

A)  knowledge and availability of the wild- type allele of the defective gene. 
B)  an ability to introduce the wild- type allele into the patient. 
C)  an ability to express the introduced gene at the correct level, time, and site within the patient. 
D)  A and B. 
E)  all of the above. 
A)  knowledge and availability of the wild- type allele of the defective gene. 
B)  an ability to introduce the wild- type allele into the patient. 
C)  an ability to express the introduced gene at the correct level, time, and site within the patient. 
D)  A and B. 
E)  all of the above.

Question 18

What information is critical to the success of PCR itself?

Accepted Answer

A)  The complete DNA sequence of the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
B)  The sequence of restriction enzyme recognition sites in the DNA to be amplified and in the plasmid where the amplified DNA fragment will be cloned must be known. 
C)  The DNA sequence of the ends of the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
D)  The sequence of restriction enzyme recognition sites in the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
A)  The complete DNA sequence of the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
B)  The sequence of restriction enzyme recognition sites in the DNA to be amplified and in the plasmid where the amplified DNA fragment will be cloned must be known. 
C)  The DNA sequence of the ends of the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
D)  The sequence of restriction enzyme recognition sites in the DNA to be amplified must be known.

Question 19

In a single PCR cycle consisting of 15 seconds at 94°C, 30 seconds at 50°C, and 1 min at 72°C, what is happening in the step run at 50°C?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA polymerase is being inactivated. 
B)  DNA polymerase is extending new DNA from the primers. 
C)  Primers are being denatured. 
D)  Primers are annealing to the DNA to be amplified. 
E)  The DNA to be amplified is being denatured. 
A)  DNA polymerase is being inactivated. 
B)  DNA polymerase is extending new DNA from the primers. 
C)  Primers are being denatured. 
D)  Primers are annealing to the DNA to be amplified. 
E)  The DNA to be amplified is being denatured.

Exam 20: The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Which of the following questions is asked in functional genomics research?

The final step in a DNA sequencing reaction is to run the DNA fragments on a gel. What purpose does this serve?

Since dideoxy sequencing is based on the chain termination, why are normal deoxynucleotides also included in the reaction?

Imagine that you compare two DNA sequences found in the same location on homologous chromosomes. On one of the homologs, the sequence is AACTACGA. On the other homolog, the sequence is AACTTCGA. Within a population, you discover that each of these sequences is common. These sequences

When constructing a cDNA library from a particular organism, the choice of tissue is , whereas when constructing a genomic DNA library from the same organism, the choice of tissue is .

Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of

Name two examples of lateral gene transfer to eukaryotes that involve cellular organelles.

The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions, including which of the following?

What would happen if alternative splicing did not occur?

The restriction enzymes BamHI and BclI cut at the points indicated by arrows: If one sample of DNA was cut with BamHI and another with BclI, and these two samples were mixed and treate DNA ligase, what would occur?

What does bioinformatics include? I. using computer programs to align DNA sequences II. creating recombinant DNA from separate species III. developing computer- based tools for genome analysis IV. using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems

The general term for the manipulation of organisms to create products or cure disease is

Transgenic mice

Gene therapy requires

What information is critical to the success of PCR itself?

In a single PCR cycle consisting of 15 seconds at 94°C, 30 seconds at 50°C, and 1 min at 72°C, what is happening in the step run at 50°C?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Gene Structure and Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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