Question 1

Chitin is a major component of the

Accepted Answer

A)  skeleton of mammals. 
B)  exoskeleton of insects. 
C)  body hairs of mammals. 
D)  skeleton in birds. 
E)  hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms. 
A)  skeleton of mammals. 
B)  exoskeleton of insects. 
C)  body hairs of mammals. 
D)  skeleton in birds. 
E)  hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms.

Question 2

Why are the muscles used for movement in insects often pennate?

Accepted Answer

A)  The limited space within insect exoskeletons requires muscle that generates high force without changing size significantly. 
B)  The internal muscle includes both flexor and extensor muscles. 
C)  Insects require muscle that generates large length changes to compensate for lack of joints in the skeleton. 
D)  Insects moult to grow their skeleton. 
A)  The limited space within insect exoskeletons requires muscle that generates high force without changing size significantly. 
B)  The internal muscle includes both flexor and extensor muscles. 
C)  Insects require muscle that generates large length changes to compensate for lack of joints in the skeleton. 
D)  Insects moult to grow their skeleton.

Question 3

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for which type of animal?

Accepted Answer

A)  insects, including beetles 
B)  annelids, including earthworms 
C)  crustaceans, including lobsters 
D)  cartilaginous fishes, including sharks 
E)  bivalves, including clams 
A)  insects, including beetles 
B)  annelids, including earthworms 
C)  crustaceans, including lobsters 
D)  cartilaginous fishes, including sharks 
E)  bivalves, including clams

Question 4

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs or, in some cases, fish as their primary food sources. … conotoxins from Australian species of Conus … have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." B. G. Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.)
-What effect would this conotoxin have on the prey?

Accepted Answer

A)  It would cause muscle spasms in the prey. 
B)  It would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle. 
C)  It would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting. 
D)  Either B or C, or both B and C. 
A)  It would cause muscle spasms in the prey. 
B)  It would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle. 
C)  It would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting. 
D)  Either B or C, or both B and C.

Question 5

Cardiac muscle cells are both

Accepted Answer

A)  striated and operate independently of other cardiac cells. 
B)  smooth and under voluntary control. 
C)  striated and under voluntary control. 
D)  striated and interconnected by intercalated discs. 
E)  smooth and under involuntary control. 
A)  striated and operate independently of other cardiac cells. 
B)  smooth and under voluntary control. 
C)  striated and under voluntary control. 
D)  striated and interconnected by intercalated discs. 
E)  smooth and under involuntary control.

Question 6

You work in a lab and are given a slide with a stained specimen on it, but your colleague forgot to label the slide. You look at the specimen under the microscope and notice that the cells are branched, striated, and contain one or two nuclei. Based on these characteristics, what type of tissue would you hypothesize the specimen is?

Accepted Answer

A)  epithelial 
B)  nervous 
C)  connective 
D)  muscle 
A)  epithelial 
B)  nervous 
C)  connective 
D)  muscle

Question 7

What would happen to people exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions. 
B)  Muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis. 
C)  Muscle contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired. 
D)  Answers A and B both apply. 
A)  Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions. 
B)  Muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis. 
C)  Muscle contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired. 
D)  Answers A and B both apply.

Question 8

What causes rigor mortis?

Accepted Answer

A)  lack of ATP in dead tissue 
B)  cessation of action potentials after death 
C)  lack of acetylcholine ACh) in dead tissue 
D)  exhaustion of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 
A)  lack of ATP in dead tissue 
B)  cessation of action potentials after death 
C)  lack of acetylcholine ACh) in dead tissue 
D)  exhaustion of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

Which of the following join muscles to bones?

Accepted Answer

A)  loose connective tissue 
B)  ligaments 
C)  spindle fibres 
D)  Haversian systems 
E)  tendons 
A)  loose connective tissue 
B)  ligaments 
C)  spindle fibres 
D)  Haversian systems 
E)  tendons

Question 10

Why do horses tend to move at only limited ranges of speeds?

Accepted Answer

A)  Walking is the most energetically costly form of locomotion for horses. 
B)  They are only capable of one speed for each of their gaits-walk, trot, gallop. 
C)  They locomote using the most energy- efficient combinations of gait and speed. 
D)  Because of their size, horses have limited gaits and, therefore, limited speeds. 
A)  Walking is the most energetically costly form of locomotion for horses. 
B)  They are only capable of one speed for each of their gaits-walk, trot, gallop. 
C)  They locomote using the most energy- efficient combinations of gait and speed. 
D)  Because of their size, horses have limited gaits and, therefore, limited speeds.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fi
1) Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross- bridge binding sites.
2) Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3) The sarcoplasmic reticulum is depolarized when a wave of depolarization moves from the neuromuscu junction into the cell's interior by way of the transverse tubules.
4) The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using e from ATP.
5) An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane at the neuromuscular junction.

Accepted Answer

A)  1 -2 -3 -4 -5 
B)  3 -4 -2 -1 -5 
C)  5 -3 -2 -1 -4 
D)  5 -3 -1 -2 -4 
E)  2 -1 -3 -5 -4 
A)  1 -2 -3 -4 -5 
B)  3 -4 -2 -1 -5 
C)  5 -3 -2 -1 -4 
D)  5 -3 -1 -2 -4 
E)  2 -1 -3 -5 -4

Question 12

What is the myosin head bound to when the muscle is at rest?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADP plus an associated phosphate 
B)  tropomyosin 
C)  troponin 
D)  ATP 
E)  actin 
A)  ADP plus an associated phosphate 
B)  tropomyosin 
C)  troponin 
D)  ATP 
E)  actin

Question 13

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

A)  to store and release ACh 
B)  to store and release Ca++ 
C)  to store and release myosin 
D)  to store and release ATP 
E)  to store and release troponin 
A)  to store and release ACh 
B)  to store and release Ca++ 
C)  to store and release myosin 
D)  to store and release ATP 
E)  to store and release troponin

Question 14

You work in a lab and are given a slide with a stained specimen on it, but your colleague forgot to label the slide. You look at the specimen under the microscope and notice that the cells are branched, striated, and contain one or two nuclei. Based on these characteristics, what type of muscular tissue would you hypothesize the specimen is?

Accepted Answer

A)  smooth 
B)  cardiac 
C)  visceral 
D)  skeletal 
A)  smooth 
B)  cardiac 
C)  visceral 
D)  skeletal

Question 15

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

Accepted Answer

A)  walking on its limbs. 
B)  swimming with its setae. 
C)  crawling with its feet. 
D)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles. 
E)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagella. 
A)  walking on its limbs. 
B)  swimming with its setae. 
C)  crawling with its feet. 
D)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles. 
E)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagella.

Question 16

What is the effect of the release of norepinephrine by the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Smooth muscle relaxes while cardiac muscle has increased contractile force. 
B)  Cardiac muscle relaxes while smooth muscle is stimulated to increase activity. 
C)  Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are activated and increase the force of their muscle contractions. 
D)  Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle relax. 
A)  Smooth muscle relaxes while cardiac muscle has increased contractile force. 
B)  Cardiac muscle relaxes while smooth muscle is stimulated to increase activity. 
C)  Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are activated and increase the force of their muscle contractions. 
D)  Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle relax.

Question 17

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs or, in some cases, fish as their primary food sources. … conotoxins from Australian species of Conus … have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." B. G. Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.)
-The marathon is a 26.2- mile endurance running race. Successful marathon runners will benefit from having leg muscles with a relatively high amount of

Accepted Answer

A)  slow muscle fibres. 
B)  cardiac muscle fibres. 
C)  intermediate muscle fibres. 
D)  smooth muscle fibres. 
E)  fast muscle fibres. 
A)  slow muscle fibres. 
B)  cardiac muscle fibres. 
C)  intermediate muscle fibres. 
D)  smooth muscle fibres. 
E)  fast muscle fibres.

Question 18

Which muscle types) is/are composed of multinucleate cells resulting from the fusion of many embryonic cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiac muscle 
B)  smooth muscle 
C)  smooth and cardiac muscle 
D)  cardiac and skeletal muscle 
E)  skeletal muscle 
A)  cardiac muscle 
B)  smooth muscle 
C)  smooth and cardiac muscle 
D)  cardiac and skeletal muscle 
E)  skeletal muscle

Question 19

What cell types within bone are responsible for the breakdown of bone tissue to permit reabsorption of calcium?

Accepted Answer

A)  osteoclasts 
B)  fibroblasts 
C)  myocytes 
D)  osteoblasts 
A)  osteoclasts 
B)  fibroblasts 
C)  myocytes 
D)  osteoblasts

Question 20

All skeletal muscle fibres are

Accepted Answer

A)  smooth and under involuntary control. 
B)  smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibres. 
C)  smooth and under voluntary control. 
D)  striated and under voluntary control. 
E)  striated and electrically coupled to neighbouring fibres. 
A)  smooth and under involuntary control. 
B)  smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibres. 
C)  smooth and under voluntary control. 
D)  striated and under voluntary control. 
E)  striated and electrically coupled to neighbouring fibres.

Exam 45: Animal Movement

Chitin is a major component of the

Why are the muscles used for movement in insects often pennate?

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for which type of animal?

Cardiac muscle cells are both

What would happen to people exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors?

What causes rigor mortis?

Which of the following join muscles to bones?

Why do horses tend to move at only limited ranges of speeds?

What is the myosin head bound to when the muscle is at rest?

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

What is the effect of the release of norepinephrine by the sympathetic nervous system?

Which muscle types) is/are composed of multinucleate cells resulting from the fusion of many embryonic cells?

What cell types within bone are responsible for the breakdown of bone tissue to permit reabsorption of calcium?

All skeletal muscle fibres are

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Gene Structure and Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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