Question 1

Which of the following features of ancient horses is not an adaptation for living on open grasslands?

Accepted Answer

A) multiple toes 
B) complex patterns of ridges on molar and premolars 
C) lengthening of limbs 
D) increase in body size 
E) high-speed locomotion 
A) multiple toes 
B) complex patterns of ridges on molar and premolars 
C) lengthening of limbs 
D) increase in body size 
E) high-speed locomotion

Question 2

Domestication of dogs has led to

Accepted Answer

A) a variety of homologous structures. 
B) a variety of phenotypes. 
C) a variety of mutations. 
D) a variety of reproductively isolated breeds. 
E) a variety of different species. 
A) a variety of homologous structures. 
B) a variety of phenotypes. 
C) a variety of mutations. 
D) a variety of reproductively isolated breeds. 
E) a variety of different species.

Question 3

Which one of the following is not important to the concept of homology?

Accepted Answer

A) Homologous features must be found in a common ancestor. 
B) It can include anatomical,physiological,or molecular features. 
C) Features must share a common developmental pattern. 
D) Species with homologous features must be relateD. 
E) None of the features being compared can be vestigial. 
A) Homologous features must be found in a common ancestor. 
B) It can include anatomical,physiological,or molecular features. 
C) Features must share a common developmental pattern. 
D) Species with homologous features must be relateD. 
E) None of the features being compared can be vestigial.

Question 4

A rock contains 18 mg of the radioactive isotope carbon-14.The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years.How many half-lives and years will it take before the carbon-14 decays to less than 4 mg?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 half-lives;5,600 years 
B) 2 half-lives;11,200 years 
C) 3 half-lives;16,800 years 
D) 4 half-lives;22,400 years 
E) 9 half-lives;50,400 years 
A) 1 half-lives;5,600 years 
B) 2 half-lives;11,200 years 
C) 3 half-lives;16,800 years 
D) 4 half-lives;22,400 years 
E) 9 half-lives;50,400 years

Question 5

In a hypothetical study,equal numbers of marked dark and light moths are released in polluted and unpolluted woodlands and recaptured 10 days later.According to the industrial melanism hypothesis,which of the following results is unexpected?

Accepted Answer

A) More marked dark moths should be recaptured in polluted woodlands than in unpolluted woodlands. 
B) Fewer marked light moths should be recaptured in polluted woodlands than in unpolluted woodlands. 
C) Fewer marked dark moths should be recaptured in unpolluted woodlands than in polluted woodlands. 
D) More marked light moths should be recaptured in unpolluted woodlands than in polluted woodlands. 
E) Fewer unmarked dark moths should be captured in polluted woodlands than unmarked light moths. 
A) More marked dark moths should be recaptured in polluted woodlands than in unpolluted woodlands. 
B) Fewer marked light moths should be recaptured in polluted woodlands than in unpolluted woodlands. 
C) Fewer marked dark moths should be recaptured in unpolluted woodlands than in polluted woodlands. 
D) More marked light moths should be recaptured in unpolluted woodlands than in polluted woodlands. 
E) Fewer unmarked dark moths should be captured in polluted woodlands than unmarked light moths.

Question 6

In comparing artificial and natural selection,which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Artificial selection is slower than natural selection. 
B) Artificial selection is reversible;natural selection is not. 
C) Artificial selection can produce maladaptive structures,natural selection cannot. 
D) Artificial selection cannot produce changes as large as changes produced by natural selection. 
E) In artificial selection,the magnitude of the selection pressure can be varied;in natural selection,it cannot. 
A) Artificial selection is slower than natural selection. 
B) Artificial selection is reversible;natural selection is not. 
C) Artificial selection can produce maladaptive structures,natural selection cannot. 
D) Artificial selection cannot produce changes as large as changes produced by natural selection. 
E) In artificial selection,the magnitude of the selection pressure can be varied;in natural selection,it cannot.

Question 7

The "scientific creationism" view includes all of the following beliefs except

Accepted Answer

A) biblical account of the origin of the earth is literally true. 
B) the earth is much younger than most scientists believe. 
C) all species of organisms were individually created. 
D) the organisms did not change from their original appearance. 
E) extinct species are replaced with new ones. 
A) biblical account of the origin of the earth is literally true. 
B) the earth is much younger than most scientists believe. 
C) all species of organisms were individually created. 
D) the organisms did not change from their original appearance. 
E) extinct species are replaced with new ones.

Question 8

When you compare Australian marsupials to placental mammals today

Accepted Answer

A) the marsupials are all very primitive,having changed very little during the last 70 million years. 
B) the marsupials are very similar to placental mammals in the ways they have adapted to similar ecological niches. 
C) the marsupials have evolved much more rapidly than placental mammals and are more highly adapted. 
D) the marsupial fossils look remarkably similar to the placental mammals of today. 
E) living marsupials are little changed from the earliest marsupial fossil forms. 
A) the marsupials are all very primitive,having changed very little during the last 70 million years. 
B) the marsupials are very similar to placental mammals in the ways they have adapted to similar ecological niches. 
C) the marsupials have evolved much more rapidly than placental mammals and are more highly adapted. 
D) the marsupial fossils look remarkably similar to the placental mammals of today. 
E) living marsupials are little changed from the earliest marsupial fossil forms.

Question 9

After 35 generations (about 1 year's time),the two populations R and S were studied.Researchers found

Accepted Answer

A) no change was seen;it's much too soon. 
B) some slight increase of bristle numbers was already evident. 
C) a vast,overlapping range of bristle numbers was seen. 
D) a slight increase in bristles in S,a slight decrease in R,with a little overlap in the middle ranges. 
E) a huge increase in S,a huge decrease in R,with no overlap whatsoever. 
A) no change was seen;it's much too soon. 
B) some slight increase of bristle numbers was already evident. 
C) a vast,overlapping range of bristle numbers was seen. 
D) a slight increase in bristles in S,a slight decrease in R,with a little overlap in the middle ranges. 
E) a huge increase in S,a huge decrease in R,with no overlap whatsoever.

Question 10

The observation that different geographical areas sometimes exhibit plant and animal communities of similar appearance,even though the individual plants and animals are not closely related,is called

Accepted Answer

A) the fossil record. 
B) homology. 
C) convergent evolution. 
D) divergent evolution. 
E) adaptation. 
A) the fossil record. 
B) homology. 
C) convergent evolution. 
D) divergent evolution. 
E) adaptation.

Question 11

A technique used in dating a rock can be used to accurately predict the age of the fossils occurring in the rocks.This technique involves

Accepted Answer

A) fossil dating. 
B) successive rock layering. 
C) radioactive isotope decay. 
D) structural geology. 
E) developmental geology. 
A) fossil dating. 
B) successive rock layering. 
C) radioactive isotope decay. 
D) structural geology. 
E) developmental geology.

Question 12

When ancient rocks are arranged in the order of their age,a progressive series of changes are seen.This represents which of the following lines of evolutionary evidence?

Accepted Answer

A) fossil record 
B) homology 
C) convergent evolution 
D) biogeography 
E) development 
A) fossil record 
B) homology 
C) convergent evolution 
D) biogeography 
E) development

Question 13

In studying the medium ground finch on Daphne Major,the Grants noted that each generation of finches had beaks:

Accepted Answer

A) best suited for their parents' environment. 
B) best suited for their current environment. 
C) smaller than those of the previous generation. 
D) larger than those of the previous generation. 
A) best suited for their parents' environment. 
B) best suited for their current environment. 
C) smaller than those of the previous generation. 
D) larger than those of the previous generation.

Question 14

Natural selection varies the shape of the beaks among Darwin's finches in response to:

Accepted Answer

A) the available food supply. 
B) the available nest building material supplies. 
C) the availability of potential mating partners. 
D) the presence of ectoparasites on their feathers. 
E) the need to improve their feather preening abilities. 
A) the available food supply. 
B) the available nest building material supplies. 
C) the availability of potential mating partners. 
D) the presence of ectoparasites on their feathers. 
E) the need to improve their feather preening abilities.

Question 15

Evolution is said to violate the second law of thermodynamics.Which of the following statements best describes why this is not true?

Accepted Answer

A) Evolution does not always produce more complex forms;sometimes less complex forms arise. 
B) Because evolution is a random process,it does not require an input of energy. 
C) Earth is not a closed system;it constantly receives an input of energy from the sun. 
D) Living organisms are not subject to the second law. 
E) The disorder generated by extinction balances the order created by evolution. 
A) Evolution does not always produce more complex forms;sometimes less complex forms arise. 
B) Because evolution is a random process,it does not require an input of energy. 
C) Earth is not a closed system;it constantly receives an input of energy from the sun. 
D) Living organisms are not subject to the second law. 
E) The disorder generated by extinction balances the order created by evolution.

Question 16

Which of the reasons does not explain why "scientific creationism" cannot be considered a science?

Accepted Answer

A) It is not supported by any empirical observations. 
B) It does not obtain its principles from observation,as does science. 
C) Its assumptions lead to no hypotheses that could be tested and possibly disproved. 
D) The idea of creation by a supernatural agency lies outside the realm of science. 
E) Only non-scientists believe it. 
A) It is not supported by any empirical observations. 
B) It does not obtain its principles from observation,as does science. 
C) Its assumptions lead to no hypotheses that could be tested and possibly disproved. 
D) The idea of creation by a supernatural agency lies outside the realm of science. 
E) Only non-scientists believe it.

Question 17

Radioactive isotopes are used in dating materials from the distant past.Which of the following statements about radioactive dating techniques is true?

Accepted Answer

A) It gives the general ages of rock stratA.( $\pm$ 1 million years). 
B) It gives exact ages of rock strata.( $\pm$ 1 year). 
C) It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured,the younger the rock the more radioactive decay. 
D) It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured,the older the rock the more radioactive decay. 
E) It does not work well with fossil remains that have not absorbed radiation. 
A) It gives the general ages of rock stratA.( $\pm$ 1 million years). 
B) It gives exact ages of rock strata.( $\pm$ 1 year). 
C) It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured,the younger the rock the more radioactive decay. 
D) It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured,the older the rock the more radioactive decay. 
E) It does not work well with fossil remains that have not absorbed radiation.

Question 18

Inhabitants of oceanic islands resemble forms of the nearest mainland but show some differences,which suggests that they have evolved from mainland migrants.This represents which of the following lines of evolutionary evidence?

Accepted Answer

A) fossil record 
B) homology 
C) convergent evolution 
D) biogeography 
E) development 
A) fossil record 
B) homology 
C) convergent evolution 
D) biogeography 
E) development

Question 19

Which of the following does not illustrate shared ancestry by anatomical comparison studies?

Accepted Answer

A) same structure has evolved to carry out different function 
B) structure loses its function altogether 
C) different structures evolve in similar ways when subjected to the same selective pressures 
D) structure becomes vestigial 
E) structures found to be homologous 
A) same structure has evolved to carry out different function 
B) structure loses its function altogether 
C) different structures evolve in similar ways when subjected to the same selective pressures 
D) structure becomes vestigial 
E) structures found to be homologous

Question 20

Industrial melanism involving the peppered moths (Biston sp. )is cited as an example of natural selection that has been observed in the last one hundred years.Recall that the peppered moth exhibits two distinct morphological types with dark and light colored wings.Which of the following statements about changes in these two types of moths as a result of industrial melanism is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The dark forms are selected against in nonpolluted forests. 
B) The dark forms are distasteful to birds and are thus safe in polluted forests. 
C) The light forms are selected against in nonpolluted forests. 
D) Birds prey more on the dark forms in polluted forests 
E) Dark forms emigrate from nonpolluted forests to polluted forests. 
A) The dark forms are selected against in nonpolluted forests. 
B) The dark forms are distasteful to birds and are thus safe in polluted forests. 
C) The light forms are selected against in nonpolluted forests. 
D) Birds prey more on the dark forms in polluted forests 
E) Dark forms emigrate from nonpolluted forests to polluted forests.

Exam 21: The Evidence for Evolution

Which of the following features of ancient horses is not an adaptation for living on open grasslands?

Domestication of dogs has led to

Which one of the following is not important to the concept of homology?

A rock contains 18 mg of the radioactive isotope carbon-14.The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years.How many half-lives and years will it take before the carbon-14 decays to less than 4 mg?

In a hypothetical study,equal numbers of marked dark and light moths are released in polluted and unpolluted woodlands and recaptured 10 days later.According to the industrial melanism hypothesis,which of the following results is unexpected?

In comparing artificial and natural selection,which of the following statements is true?

The "scientific creationism" view includes all of the following beliefs except

When you compare Australian marsupials to placental mammals today

After 35 generations (about 1 year's time),the two populations R and S were studied.Researchers found

The observation that different geographical areas sometimes exhibit plant and animal communities of similar appearance,even though the individual plants and animals are not closely related,is called

A technique used in dating a rock can be used to accurately predict the age of the fossils occurring in the rocks.This technique involves

When ancient rocks are arranged in the order of their age,a progressive series of changes are seen.This represents which of the following lines of evolutionary evidence?

In studying the medium ground finch on Daphne Major,the Grants noted that each generation of finches had beaks:

Natural selection varies the shape of the beaks among Darwin's finches in response to:

Evolution is said to violate the second law of thermodynamics.Which of the following statements best describes why this is not true?

Which of the reasons does not explain why "scientific creationism" cannot be considered a science?

Radioactive isotopes are used in dating materials from the distant past.Which of the following statements about radioactive dating techniques is true?

Inhabitants of oceanic islands resemble forms of the nearest mainland but show some differences,which suggests that they have evolved from mainland migrants.This represents which of the following lines of evolutionary evidence?

Which of the following does not illustrate shared ancestry by anatomical comparison studies?

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