Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of a multigene family?

Accepted Answer

A)  A multigene family includes multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. 
B)  A multigene family includes genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. 
C)  A multigene family includes a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways. 
D)  A multigene family includes a highly conserved gene found in a number of different species. 
A)  A multigene family includes multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. 
B)  A multigene family includes genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. 
C)  A multigene family includes a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways. 
D)  A multigene family includes a highly conserved gene found in a number of different species.

Question 2

Which of the following processes is an early step in the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing?

Accepted Answer

A)  break genomic DNA at random sites 
B)  map the position of cloned DNA fragments 
C)  randomly select DNA primers and hybridise these to random positions of chromosomes in preparation for sequencing 
A)  break genomic DNA at random sites 
B)  map the position of cloned DNA fragments 
C)  randomly select DNA primers and hybridise these to random positions of chromosomes in preparation for sequencing

Question 3

Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the shotgun approach, sequences are assembled into chromosomes by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  placing them on previously generated genetic maps 
B)  cloning them into plasmid vectors 
C)  computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
D)  cloning them into plasmid vectors, placing them on previously generated genetic maps, followed by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
A)  placing them on previously generated genetic maps 
B)  cloning them into plasmid vectors 
C)  computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
D)  cloning them into plasmid vectors, placing them on previously generated genetic maps, followed by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps

Question 4

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths, amplified, and sequenced. How can these fragments of DNA now be used?

Accepted Answer

A)  to introduce certain mammoth traits into relatives, such as elephants 
B)  to clone live woolly mammoths 
C)  to understand the reasons why mammoths went extinct 
D)  to better understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa 
A)  to introduce certain mammoth traits into relatives, such as elephants 
B)  to clone live woolly mammoths 
C)  to understand the reasons why mammoths went extinct 
D)  to better understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa

Question 5

Biologists now routinely test for homology between genes in different species. If genes are determined to be homologous, how are they related to each other?

Accepted Answer

A)  by descent from a common ancestor 
B)  because of convergent evolution 
C)  by chance mutations 
D)  in function but not structure 
A)  by descent from a common ancestor 
B)  because of convergent evolution 
C)  by chance mutations 
D)  in function but not structure

Question 6

During which of the following processes does exon shuffling occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  splicing of DNA 
B)  DNA replication 
C)  meiotic recombination 
D)  translation 
A)  splicing of DNA 
B)  DNA replication 
C)  meiotic recombination 
D)  translation

Question 7

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of genes characteristic of a species 
B)  the patterns of alternative splicing 
C)  the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type 
D)  the movement of transposable elements within the genome 
A)  the number of genes characteristic of a species 
B)  the patterns of alternative splicing 
C)  the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type 
D)  the movement of transposable elements within the genome

Question 8

Which of the following types of genes or gene families may be created by mutations that occur in one member of a gene pair that arose from gene duplication?

Accepted Answer

A)  only a pseudogene 
B)  only a gene with a new function 
C)  only a gene family with two distinct but related members 
D)  a pseudogene, a gene with a new function, and a gene family with two distinct but related members 
A)  only a pseudogene 
B)  only a gene with a new function 
C)  only a gene family with two distinct but related members 
D)  a pseudogene, a gene with a new function, and a gene family with two distinct but related members

Question 9

If the sequence of a cDNA has matches with DNA sequences in the genome, then this genomic DNA could be described by which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sequence codes for a protein. 
B)  The sequence codes for an rRNA. 
C)  The sequence is part of an intron. 
D)  The sequence is a regulatory sequence. 
A)  The sequence codes for a protein. 
B)  The sequence codes for an rRNA. 
C)  The sequence is part of an intron. 
D)  The sequence is a regulatory sequence.

Question 10

Homeotic genes

Accepted Answer

A)  encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B)  are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C)  are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D)  encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly. 
A)  encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B)  are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C)  are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D)  encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.

Question 11

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

Accepted Answer

A)  gene duplication 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  exon shuffling 
D)  random point mutations 
A)  gene duplication 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  exon shuffling 
D)  random point mutations

Question 12

Bioinformatics includes ________.
I. using computer programs to align DNA sequences
II. creating recombinant DNA from separate species
III. developing computer-based tools for genome analysis
IV. using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems

Accepted Answer

A)  I and II 
B)  II and III 
C)  II and IV 
D)  I, III, and IV 
A)  I and II 
B)  II and III 
C)  II and IV 
D)  I, III, and IV

Question 13

What is "metagenomics"?

Accepted Answer

A)  genomics as applied to a species that most typifies the average phenotype of its genus 
B)  the sequencing of one or two representative genes from several species 
C)  the sequencing of only the most highly conserved genes in a lineage 
D)  sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystem 
A)  genomics as applied to a species that most typifies the average phenotype of its genus 
B)  the sequencing of one or two representative genes from several species 
C)  the sequencing of only the most highly conserved genes in a lineage 
D)  sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystem

Question 14

Why is it more difficult to identify eukaryotic genes than prokaryotic genes using genomic techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)  The proteins are larger in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. 
B)  The coding portions of genes in eukaryotes are shorter than in prokaryotes. 
C)  There are no start codons in eukaryotic genes. 
D)  There are introns in eukaryotic genes. 
A)  The proteins are larger in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. 
B)  The coding portions of genes in eukaryotes are shorter than in prokaryotes. 
C)  There are no start codons in eukaryotic genes. 
D)  There are introns in eukaryotic genes.

Question 15

Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  using computer programs to align DNA sequences. 
B)  using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube. 
C)  developing computer-based tools for genome analysis. 
D)  using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems. 
A)  using computer programs to align DNA sequences. 
B)  using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube. 
C)  developing computer-based tools for genome analysis. 
D)  using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems.

Question 16

After finding a new medicinal plant, a pharmaceutical company decides to determine if the plant has genes similar to those of other known medicinal plants. What would annotation of the genome of this plant allow the company to determine?

Accepted Answer

A)  what proteins are produced by the plant 
B)  what mRNA transcripts are produced by the plant 
C)  identify genes and determine their functions 
D)  identify the location of mRNA within the plant cells 
A)  what proteins are produced by the plant 
B)  what mRNA transcripts are produced by the plant 
C)  identify genes and determine their functions 
D)  identify the location of mRNA within the plant cells

Question 17

The figure shows a diagram of blocks of genes on human chromosome 16 and the locations of blocks of similar genes on four chromosomes of the mouse.
Which of the following statements describes the result of the movement of these blocks?

Accepted Answer

A)  During evolutionary time, these sequences have separated and have returned to their original positions. 
B)  DNA sequences within these blocks have become increasingly divergent. 
C)  Sequences represented have duplicated at least three times. 
D)  Chromosomal translocations have moved blocks of sequences to other chromosomes. 
A)  During evolutionary time, these sequences have separated and have returned to their original positions. 
B)  DNA sequences within these blocks have become increasingly divergent. 
C)  Sequences represented have duplicated at least three times. 
D)  Chromosomal translocations have moved blocks of sequences to other chromosomes.

Question 18

In humans, the embryonic and foetal forms of haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of adults. Why is this the case?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nonidentical genes produce different versions of globins during development. 
B)  Pseudogenes interfere with gene expression in adults. 
C)  The attachment of methyl groups to cytosine following birth changes the type of haemoglobin produced. 
D)  Histone proteins change shape during embryonic development. 
A)  Nonidentical genes produce different versions of globins during development. 
B)  Pseudogenes interfere with gene expression in adults. 
C)  The attachment of methyl groups to cytosine following birth changes the type of haemoglobin produced. 
D)  Histone proteins change shape during embryonic development.

Question 19

Bioinformatics can be used to scan for short sequences that specify known mRNAs, called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  expressed sequence tags 
B)  multigene families 
C)  proteomes 
D)  short tandem repeats 
A)  expressed sequence tags 
B)  multigene families 
C)  proteomes 
D)  short tandem repeats

Question 20

Which of the following conclusions has led to the comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species?

Accepted Answer

A)  The density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. 
B)  The number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far greater than the number of its genes. 
C)  Most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. 
D)  The genomes of most other organisms are significantly smaller than the human genome. 
A)  The density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. 
B)  The number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far greater than the number of its genes. 
C)  Most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. 
D)  The genomes of most other organisms are significantly smaller than the human genome.

Exam 21: Genomes and Their Evolution

Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of a multigene family?

Which of the following processes is an early step in the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing?

Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the shotgun approach, sequences are assembled into chromosomes by ________.

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths, amplified, and sequenced. How can these fragments of DNA now be used?

Biologists now routinely test for homology between genes in different species. If genes are determined to be homologous, how are they related to each other?

During which of the following processes does exon shuffling occur?

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Which of the following types of genes or gene families may be created by mutations that occur in one member of a gene pair that arose from gene duplication?

If the sequence of a cDNA has matches with DNA sequences in the genome, then this genomic DNA could be described by which of the following statements?

Homeotic genes

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

Bioinformatics includes ________. I. using computer programs to align DNA sequences II. creating recombinant DNA from separate species III. developing computer-based tools for genome analysis IV. using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems

What is "metagenomics"?

Why is it more difficult to identify eukaryotic genes than prokaryotic genes using genomic techniques?

Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

After finding a new medicinal plant, a pharmaceutical company decides to determine if the plant has genes similar to those of other known medicinal plants. What would annotation of the genome of this plant allow the company to determine?

The figure shows a diagram of blocks of genes on human chromosome 16 and the locations of blocks of similar genes on four chromosomes of the mouse. Which of the following statements describes the result of the movement of these blocks?

In humans, the embryonic and foetal forms of haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of adults. Why is this the case?

Bioinformatics can be used to scan for short sequences that specify known mRNAs, called ________.

Which of the following conclusions has led to the comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonised Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

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