Exam 43: The Immune System

Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria. The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that ________.

Clonal selection is an explanation for how ________.

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with ________.

Which of the following statements about epitopes are correct? I. B cell receptors bind to epitopes. II. T cell receptors bind to epitopes. III. There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. IV. There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope.

Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by a(n)________.

The complement system is ________.

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of ________.

An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of any class, with regions symbolised as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of ________.

A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to ________.

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________.

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to ________.

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because ________.

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys cancerous cells by punching holes in plasma membranes and triggering apoptosis?

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function?

In a humoral or antibody-mediated immune response, specific B cells are stimulated by helper T cells to transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. What would be an important feature added to the plasma cells during this transition process that allows them to better perform their function?

Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions? I. Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognises one antigen. II. When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. III. Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen. IV. Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated.

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin ________.

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from ________.