Question 1

Primary metabolic alkalosis is associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gain of buffer base 
B)  Gain in fixed acids 
C)  Low blood CO2 levels 
D)  Diabetic crisis 
A)  Gain of buffer base 
B)  Gain in fixed acids 
C)  Low blood CO2 levels 
D)  Diabetic crisis

Question 2

Why is a buffer system such as phosphate considered a closed system?

Accepted Answer

A)  All the components remain in the system. 
B)  It has limited utility in buffering acids. 
C)  Its ability to buffer volatile acids is incomplete. 
D)  Once its buffer level is established, it will never change. 
A)  All the components remain in the system. 
B)  It has limited utility in buffering acids. 
C)  Its ability to buffer volatile acids is incomplete. 
D)  Once its buffer level is established, it will never change.

Question 3

Approximately how much CO2 is removed daily by the lungs?

Accepted Answer

A)  ~24,000 mmol/L of CO2 
B)  ~14,000 mmol/L of CO2 
C)  ~34,000 mmol/L of CO2 
D)  ~4,000 mmol/L of CO2 
A)  ~24,000 mmol/L of CO2 
B)  ~14,000 mmol/L of CO2 
C)  ~34,000 mmol/L of CO2 
D)  ~4,000 mmol/L of CO2

Question 4

Correction of metabolic alkalosis may involve which of the following?
1) Restoring normal fluid volume
2) Administering acidifying agents
3) Restoring normal K+ and Cl- levels

Accepted Answer

A) 3 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3 
A) 3 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 5

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.43, PCO2 = 20 mm Hg, HCO3- = 12.6 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A)  Acute (uncompensated) respiratory alkalosis 
B)  Fully compensated metabolic acidosis 
C)  Fully compensated respiratory alkalosis 
D)  Partially compensated respiratory alkalosis 
A)  Acute (uncompensated) respiratory alkalosis 
B)  Fully compensated metabolic acidosis 
C)  Fully compensated respiratory alkalosis 
D)  Partially compensated respiratory alkalosis

Question 6

What are the major mechanisms responsible for maintaining a stable pH despite massive CO2 production?
1) Isohydric buffering
2) Gastrointestinal secretion
3) Pulmonary ventilation

Accepted Answer

A) 2 and 3 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 1, 2, and 3 
D) 1 and 3 only 
A) 2 and 3 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 1, 2, and 3 
D) 1 and 3 only

Question 7

When a strong acid is added to the bicarbonate buffer system, what is the result?

Accepted Answer

A)  Strong base and neutral salt 
B)  Strong acid and neutral salt 
C)  Weak acid and neutral salt 
D)  Weak acid and basic salt 
A)  Strong base and neutral salt 
B)  Strong acid and neutral salt 
C)  Weak acid and neutral salt 
D)  Weak acid and basic salt

Question 8

The primary goal of acid-base homeostasis is to maintain which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Normal HCO3- 
B)  Normal PCO2 
C)  Normal pH 
D)  Normal PO2 
A)  Normal HCO3- 
B)  Normal PCO2 
C)  Normal pH 
D)  Normal PO2

Question 9

The numerator of the Henderson-Hasselbalch (H-H) equation (HCO3-) relates to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blood concentration of nonbicarbonate buffers 
B)  Excretion of volatile acid by the lungs 
C)  Renal buffering and excretion of fixed acids 
D)  Respiratory component of acid-base balance 
A)  Blood concentration of nonbicarbonate buffers 
B)  Excretion of volatile acid by the lungs 
C)  Renal buffering and excretion of fixed acids 
D)  Respiratory component of acid-base balance

Question 10

Causes of respiratory acidosis in patients with normal lungs include which of the following?
1) Neuromuscular disorders
2) Spinal cord trauma
3) Anesthesia
4) Use of incentive spirometry

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 2, and 3 only 
B) 4 only 
C) 2, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1 and 3 only 
A) 1, 2, and 3 only 
B) 4 only 
C) 2, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1 and 3 only

Question 11

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

A)  It drives the recovery of HCO3- and excretion of H+. 
B)  It is the catalyst for the hamburger phenomenon. 
C)  It promotes the excretion of CO2 in the urine. 
D)  It promotes the loss of fluids in congestive heart failure. 
A)  It drives the recovery of HCO3- and excretion of H+. 
B)  It is the catalyst for the hamburger phenomenon. 
C)  It promotes the excretion of CO2 in the urine. 
D)  It promotes the loss of fluids in congestive heart failure.

Question 12

Compensation for respiratory acidosis occurs through which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease in blood CO2 levels 
B)  Decrease in blood HCO3- levels 
C)  Increase in blood CO2 levels 
D)  Increase in blood HCO3- levels 
A)  Decrease in blood CO2 levels 
B)  Decrease in blood HCO3- levels 
C)  Increase in blood CO2 levels 
D)  Increase in blood HCO3- levels

Question 13

An ABG result shows the pH to be 7.56 and the HCO3- to be 23 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely disorder?

Accepted Answer

A)  Metabolic acidosis 
B)  Metabolic alkalosis 
C)  Respiratory acidosis 
D)  Respiratory alkalosis 
A)  Metabolic acidosis 
B)  Metabolic alkalosis 
C)  Respiratory acidosis 
D)  Respiratory alkalosis

Question 14

What are some causes of metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap?
1) Diarrhea
2) Ketoacidosis
3) Lactic acidosis
4) Renal failure

Accepted Answer

A) 2 and 3 only 
B) 2 and 4 only 
C) 2, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 3, and 4 only 
A) 2 and 3 only 
B) 2 and 4 only 
C) 2, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 3, and 4 only

Question 15

Of the nonbicarbonate buffer systems, which one is the most important?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hemoglobin 
B)  Inorganic phosphates 
C)  Organic phosphates 
D)  Plasma proteins 
A)  Hemoglobin 
B)  Inorganic phosphates 
C)  Organic phosphates 
D)  Plasma proteins

Question 16

The majority of the acid the body produces in a day is excreted through the lungs as CO2. What happens to the H+ ions?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are bound to Hb. 
B)  They bind to phosphate. 
C)  They form carbamino compounds. 
D)  They bind to an OH-forming H2O. 
A)  They are bound to Hb. 
B)  They bind to phosphate. 
C)  They form carbamino compounds. 
D)  They bind to an OH-forming H2O.

Question 17

Why is the bicarbonate buffer system considered an open buffer system?

Accepted Answer

A)  As the major blood and body buffer system, it is open by definition. 
B)  It operates only in the extracellular fluid, avoiding cell closure. 
C)  Its acid (carbonic acid) is converted to CO2 and removed. 
D)  Its chemical reactions occur very quickly. 
A)  As the major blood and body buffer system, it is open by definition. 
B)  It operates only in the extracellular fluid, avoiding cell closure. 
C)  Its acid (carbonic acid) is converted to CO2 and removed. 
D)  Its chemical reactions occur very quickly.

Question 18

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.28, PCO2 = 53 mm Hg, HCO3- = 25.8 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A)  Acute metabolic acidosis 
B)  Acute respiratory acidosis 
C)  Partially compensated metabolic acidosis 
D)  Partially compensated respiratory acidosis 
A)  Acute metabolic acidosis 
B)  Acute respiratory acidosis 
C)  Partially compensated metabolic acidosis 
D)  Partially compensated respiratory acidosis

Question 19

What is the treatment for severe metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Charcoal 
B)  Insulin 
C)  Glucose 
D)  NaHCO3- infusion 
A)  Charcoal 
B)  Insulin 
C)  Glucose 
D)  NaHCO3- infusion

Question 20

What is a normal anion gap range?

Accepted Answer

A)  3 to 5 mEq/L 
B)  6 to 8 mEq/L 
C)  9 to 14 mEq/L 
D)  24 to 26 mEq/L 
A)  3 to 5 mEq/L 
B)  6 to 8 mEq/L 
C)  9 to 14 mEq/L 
D)  24 to 26 mEq/L

Exam 14: Acid-Base Balance

Primary metabolic alkalosis is associated with which of the following?

Why is a buffer system such as phosphate considered a closed system?

Approximately how much CO2 is removed daily by the lungs?

Correction of metabolic alkalosis may involve which of the following? 1) Restoring normal fluid volume 2) Administering acidifying agents 3) Restoring normal K+ and Cl- levels

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.43, PCO2 = 20 mm Hg, HCO3- = 12.6 mEq/L

What are the major mechanisms responsible for maintaining a stable pH despite massive CO2 production? 1) Isohydric buffering 2) Gastrointestinal secretion 3) Pulmonary ventilation

When a strong acid is added to the bicarbonate buffer system, what is the result?

The primary goal of acid-base homeostasis is to maintain which of the following?

The numerator of the Henderson-Hasselbalch (H-H) equation (HCO3-) relates to which of the following?

Causes of respiratory acidosis in patients with normal lungs include which of the following? 1) Neuromuscular disorders 2) Spinal cord trauma 3) Anesthesia 4) Use of incentive spirometry

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the kidneys?

Compensation for respiratory acidosis occurs through which of the following?

An ABG result shows the pH to be 7.56 and the HCO3- to be 23 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely disorder?

What are some causes of metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap? 1) Diarrhea 2) Ketoacidosis 3) Lactic acidosis 4) Renal failure

Of the nonbicarbonate buffer systems, which one is the most important?

The majority of the acid the body produces in a day is excreted through the lungs as CO2. What happens to the H+ ions?

Why is the bicarbonate buffer system considered an open buffer system?

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.28, PCO2 = 53 mm Hg, HCO3- = 25.8 mEq/L

What is the treatment for severe metabolic acidosis?

What is a normal anion gap range?

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Approximately how much CO₂is removed daily by the lungs?

Correction of metabolic alkalosis may involve which of the following? 1) Restoring normal fluid volume 2) Administering acidifying agents 3) Restoring normal K⁺ and Cl^- levels

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.43, PCO₂ = 20 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 12.6 mEq/L

What are the major mechanisms responsible for maintaining a stable pH despite massive CO₂ production? 1) Isohydric buffering 2) Gastrointestinal secretion 3) Pulmonary ventilation

The numerator of the Henderson-Hasselbalch (H-H) equation (HCO₃^-) relates to which of the following?

An ABG result shows the pH to be 7.56 and the HCO₃^- to be 23 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely disorder?

The majority of the acid the body produces in a day is excreted through the lungs as CO₂. What happens to the H⁺ ions?

Based on the following ABG results, what is the most likely acid-base diagnosis? pH = 7.28, PCO₂ = 53 mm Hg, HCO₃^- = 25.8 mEq/L