Question 1

In normal individuals, approximately what fraction of the VT is wasted ventilation (does not participate in gas exchange)?

Accepted Answer

A)  One-third of the tidal volume 
B)  Two-thirds of the tidal volume 
C)  One-half the of tidal volume 
D)  One-quarter of the tidal volume 
A)  One-third of the tidal volume 
B)  Two-thirds of the tidal volume 
C)  One-half the of tidal volume 
D)  One-quarter of the tidal volume

Question 2

Which of the following pressure gradients is responsible for maintaining alveolar inflation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Transpulmonary pressure gradient (Palv - Ppl) 
B)  Transthoracic pressure gradient (Ppl - Pbs) 
C)  Transcardiac pressure gradient (Pca - Palv) 
D)  Transrespiratory pressure gradient (Palv - Pao) 
A)  Transpulmonary pressure gradient (Palv - Ppl) 
B)  Transthoracic pressure gradient (Ppl - Pbs) 
C)  Transcardiac pressure gradient (Pca - Palv) 
D)  Transrespiratory pressure gradient (Palv - Pao)

Question 3

Which of the following lung units would empty and fill most slowly?

Accepted Answer

A)  A unit with high resistance and high compliance 
B)  A unit with high resistance and low compliance 
C)  A unit with low resistance and high compliance 
D)  A unit with low resistance and low compliance 
A)  A unit with high resistance and high compliance 
B)  A unit with high resistance and low compliance 
C)  A unit with low resistance and high compliance 
D)  A unit with low resistance and low compliance

Question 4

A fibrotic lung would exhibit which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased airway resistance 
B)  Decreased lung compliance 
C)  Decreased PVR 
D)  Decreased surface tension 
A)  Decreased airway resistance 
B)  Decreased lung compliance 
C)  Decreased PVR 
D)  Decreased surface tension

Question 5

What is used for setting optimal PEEP on a ventilator?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pressure-volume curve 
B)  Flow-volume curve 
C)  Patient's height and weight 
D)  The disease state the patient is in 
A)  Pressure-volume curve 
B)  Flow-volume curve 
C)  Patient's height and weight 
D)  The disease state the patient is in

Question 6

Which of the following statements about alveolar pressure (Palv) during normal quiet breathing is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is positive during inspiration and negative during expiration. 
B)  It is the same as intrapleural pressure (Ppl). 
C)  It is negative during inspiration and positive during expiration. 
D)  It always remains less than atmospheric pressure. 
A)  It is positive during inspiration and negative during expiration. 
B)  It is the same as intrapleural pressure (Ppl). 
C)  It is negative during inspiration and positive during expiration. 
D)  It always remains less than atmospheric pressure.

Question 7

Which of the following occurs during normal inspiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alveoli at the apexes expand less than those at the bases. 
B)  Alveoli at the apexes expand more than those at the bases. 
C)  Alveoli at the bases expand less than those at the apexes. 
D)  Central alveoli expand more than those at the periphery. 
A)  Alveoli at the apexes expand less than those at the bases. 
B)  Alveoli at the apexes expand more than those at the bases. 
C)  Alveoli at the bases expand less than those at the apexes. 
D)  Central alveoli expand more than those at the periphery.

Question 8

Which of the following causes gas to flow into and out of the alveoli during breathing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Transrespiratory system pressure (PTR) 
B)  Intrapleural pressure (Ppl) 
C)  Transpulmonary pressure (PTP) 
D)  Transmural pressure (Ptm) 
A)  Transrespiratory system pressure (PTR) 
B)  Intrapleural pressure (Ppl) 
C)  Transpulmonary pressure (PTP) 
D)  Transmural pressure (Ptm)

Question 9

What happens during normal inspiration?
1) The Ppl increases further below atmospheric pressure.
2) The transpulmonary pressure gradient widens.
3) Palv drops below that at the airway opening.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 2 and 3 only 
C) 1 only 
D) 1 and 3 only 
A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 2 and 3 only 
C) 1 only 
D) 1 and 3 only

Question 10

What is ventilation in excess of metabolic needs called?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hyperpnea 
B)  Hyperventilation 
C)  Hypopnea 
D)  Hypoventilation 
A)  Hyperpnea 
B)  Hyperventilation 
C)  Hypopnea 
D)  Hypoventilation

Question 11

During each cycle of normal resting ventilation, a volume of gas is moved into and out of the respiratory tract. This cyclical volume is called the:

Accepted Answer

A)  inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). 
B)  vital capacity (V
C) . 
C)  residual volume (RV). 
D)  tidal volume (VT). 
A)  inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). 
B)  vital capacity (V
C) . 
C)  residual volume (RV). 
D)  tidal volume (VT).

Question 12

What occurs at a lung volume equivalent to the functional residual capacity (FRC)?
1) The forces of the chest wall and lungs are in balance.
2) Chest wall expansion is offset by lung contraction.
3) Opposing chest wall-lung forces generate negative Ppl.

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 2, and 3 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 1 and 3 only 
D) 2 and 3 only 
A) 1, 2, and 3 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 1 and 3 only 
D) 2 and 3 only

Question 13

On inspecting a volume-pressure curve of the lungs and thorax, an increase in the mechanical work of breathing above normal would always be indicated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease in the area of the volume-pressure curve 
B)  Decrease in the slope of the volume-pressure curve 
C)  Increase in the area of the volume-pressure curve 
D)  Increase in the slope of the volume-pressure curve 
A)  Decrease in the area of the volume-pressure curve 
B)  Decrease in the slope of the volume-pressure curve 
C)  Increase in the area of the volume-pressure curve 
D)  Increase in the slope of the volume-pressure curve

Question 14

Blockage of the pulmonary arterial circulation to a portion of the lung would cause which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease in anatomical dead space 
B)  Decrease in physiologic dead space 
C)  Increase in alveolar dead space 
D)  Increase in anatomical dead space 
A)  Decrease in anatomical dead space 
B)  Decrease in physiologic dead space 
C)  Increase in alveolar dead space 
D)  Increase in anatomical dead space

Question 15

What is the single best indicator of the adequacy or effectiveness of alveolar ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  PaO2 
B)  PAO2 
C)  PaCO2 
D)  VT 
A)  PaO2 
B)  PAO2 
C)  PaCO2 
D)  VT

Question 16

A patient has a PCO2 of 56 mm Hg. Based on this information, what can be concluded?

Accepted Answer

A)  The patient is hyperventilating. 
B)  The patient is hypoventilating. 
C)  The patient's breathing rate is fast. 
D)  The patient's VT is low. 
A)  The patient is hyperventilating. 
B)  The patient is hypoventilating. 
C)  The patient's breathing rate is fast. 
D)  The patient's VT is low.

Question 17

In individuals with disorders characterized by an increased frictional work of breathing, such as emphysema, which of the following breathing patterns results in the minimum work?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rapid and deep breathing 
B)  Rapid and shallow breathing 
C)  Slow and deep breathing 
D)  Slow and shallow breathing 
A)  Rapid and deep breathing 
B)  Rapid and shallow breathing 
C)  Slow and deep breathing 
D)  Slow and shallow breathing

Question 18

A normal 150-lb man is breathing at a rate of 17 with a tidal volume of 450 ml. By estimation, what is his approximate alveolar ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  7.65 L/min 
B)  5.10 L/min 
C)  3.85 L/min 
D)  2.60 L/min 
A)  7.65 L/min 
B)  5.10 L/min 
C)  3.85 L/min 
D)  2.60 L/min

Exam 11: Ventilation

In normal individuals, approximately what fraction of the VT is wasted ventilation (does not participate in gas exchange)?

Which of the following pressure gradients is responsible for maintaining alveolar inflation?

Which of the following lung units would empty and fill most slowly?

A fibrotic lung would exhibit which of the following characteristics?

What is used for setting optimal PEEP on a ventilator?

Which of the following statements about alveolar pressure (Palv) during normal quiet breathing is true?

Which of the following occurs during normal inspiration?

Which of the following causes gas to flow into and out of the alveoli during breathing?

What happens during normal inspiration? 1) The Ppl increases further below atmospheric pressure. 2) The transpulmonary pressure gradient widens. 3) Palv drops below that at the airway opening.

What is ventilation in excess of metabolic needs called?

During each cycle of normal resting ventilation, a volume of gas is moved into and out of the respiratory tract. This cyclical volume is called the:

What occurs at a lung volume equivalent to the functional residual capacity (FRC)? 1) The forces of the chest wall and lungs are in balance. 2) Chest wall expansion is offset by lung contraction. 3) Opposing chest wall-lung forces generate negative Ppl.

On inspecting a volume-pressure curve of the lungs and thorax, an increase in the mechanical work of breathing above normal would always be indicated by which of the following?

Blockage of the pulmonary arterial circulation to a portion of the lung would cause which of the following?

What is the single best indicator of the adequacy or effectiveness of alveolar ventilation?

A patient has a PCO2 of 56 mm Hg. Based on this information, what can be concluded?

In individuals with disorders characterized by an increased frictional work of breathing, such as emphysema, which of the following breathing patterns results in the minimum work?

A normal 150-lb man is breathing at a rate of 17 with a tidal volume of 450 ml. By estimation, what is his approximate alveolar ventilation?

History of Respiratory Care

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Filters

In normal individuals, approximately what fraction of the V_T is wasted ventilation (does not participate in gas exchange)?

Which of the following statements about alveolar pressure (P_alv) during normal quiet breathing is true?

What happens during normal inspiration? 1) The P_pl increases further below atmospheric pressure. 2) The transpulmonary pressure gradient widens. 3) P_alv drops below that at the airway opening.

What occurs at a lung volume equivalent to the functional residual capacity (FRC)? 1) The forces of the chest wall and lungs are in balance. 2) Chest wall expansion is offset by lung contraction. 3) Opposing chest wall-lung forces generate negative P_pl.

A patient has a PCO₂ of 56 mm Hg. Based on this information, what can be concluded?