Question 1

The presence of surfactant in the alveoli tends to do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease compliance 
B)  Decrease surface tension 
C)  Increase elastance 
D)  Increase resistance 
A)  Decrease compliance 
B)  Decrease surface tension 
C)  Increase elastance 
D)  Increase resistance

Question 2

Regional factors affecting the distribution of gas in the normal lung result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  More ventilation goes to the apexes and lung periphery. 
B)  More ventilation goes to the apexes and lung core. 
C)  More ventilation goes to the bases and lung core. 
D)  More ventilation goes to the bases and lung periphery. 
A)  More ventilation goes to the apexes and lung periphery. 
B)  More ventilation goes to the apexes and lung core. 
C)  More ventilation goes to the bases and lung core. 
D)  More ventilation goes to the bases and lung periphery.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about Raw is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The greater the lung volume, the greater is the Raw. 
B)  The greater the lung volume, the less is the Raw. 
C)  As lung volume decreases toward RV, the Raw drops. 
D)  As lung volume increases toward TLC, the Raw rises. 
A)  The greater the lung volume, the greater is the Raw. 
B)  The greater the lung volume, the less is the Raw. 
C)  As lung volume decreases toward RV, the Raw drops. 
D)  As lung volume increases toward TLC, the Raw rises.

Question 4

In a normal individual lying on the right side (right side down), which of the following conditions would be true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both lungs would receive nearly equal ventilation. 
B)  The left lung would receive the most ventilation. 
C)  The right lung would receive the most ventilation. 
D)  There is inadequate information to make a decision. 
A)  Both lungs would receive nearly equal ventilation. 
B)  The left lung would receive the most ventilation. 
C)  The right lung would receive the most ventilation. 
D)  There is inadequate information to make a decision.

Question 5

Which of the following statements applies to a lung unit with higher resistance than normal?

Accepted Answer

A)  A given volume change will require less of a pressure change. 
B)  It will fill and empty more rapidly than a normal lung unit. 
C)  There will be less volume change for a given pressure change. 
D)  Volume to this area will remain the same under all conditions. 
A)  A given volume change will require less of a pressure change. 
B)  It will fill and empty more rapidly than a normal lung unit. 
C)  There will be less volume change for a given pressure change. 
D)  Volume to this area will remain the same under all conditions.

Question 6

In health, approximately what proportion of the total work of breathing is attributable to frictional resistance to tissue movement?

Accepted Answer

A)  20% 
B)  30% 
C)  40% 
D)  50% 
A)  20% 
B)  30% 
C)  40% 
D)  50%

Question 7

Which of the following formulas is used to compute the mechanical work of breathing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Change in pressure/flow 
B)  Change in pressure $\times$ change in flow 
C)  Change in pressure $\times$ change in volume 
D)  Change in volume/change in pressure 
A)  Change in pressure/flow 
B)  Change in pressure $\times$ change in flow 
C)  Change in pressure $\times$ change in volume 
D)  Change in volume/change in pressure

Question 8

If a patient has a VT of 370 ml and a respiratory rate of 20 breaths/min, what is the minute ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  2.40 L/min 
B)  3.70 L/min 
C)  6.45 L/min 
D)  7.40 L/min 
A)  2.40 L/min 
B)  3.70 L/min 
C)  6.45 L/min 
D)  7.40 L/min

Question 9

A lung that loses elastic fibers would exhibit which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased airways resistance 
B)  Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance 
C)  Increased airway resistance 
D)  Increased pulmonary compliance 
A)  Decreased airways resistance 
B)  Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance 
C)  Increased airway resistance 
D)  Increased pulmonary compliance

Question 10

At approximately what point during a maximum inspiration does the chest wall reach its natural resting level?

Accepted Answer

A)  Approximately 30% of the VC 
B)  Approximately 40% of the total lung capacity (TL
C)  
C)  Approximately 70% of the VC 
D)  Approximately 90% of the VC 
A)  Approximately 30% of the VC 
B)  Approximately 40% of the total lung capacity (TL
C)  
C)  Approximately 70% of the VC 
D)  Approximately 90% of the VC

Question 11

How can the body effectively compensate for an increased VDphy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased drive to breath 
B)  Decreased respiratory rate 
C)  Increased respiratory rate 
D)  Increased tidal volume 
A)  Decreased drive to breath 
B)  Decreased respiratory rate 
C)  Increased respiratory rate 
D)  Increased tidal volume

Question 12

Exhalation below the resting level requires active muscular effort in order to overcome what tendency?

Accepted Answer

A)  The airways to collapse 
B)  The alveoli to expand 
C)  The chest wall to expand 
D)  The lungs to expand 
A)  The airways to collapse 
B)  The alveoli to expand 
C)  The chest wall to expand 
D)  The lungs to expand

Question 13

Which of the following statements are true about pressure differences in the upright lung?
1) Ppl increases from lung apex to base.
2) The apical alveoli resting volume is less than at the base.
3) The transpulmonary pressure gradient is greatest at the apex.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 3 only 
B) 1, 2, and 3 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1 and 2 only 
A) 1 and 3 only 
B) 1, 2, and 3 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1 and 2 only

Question 14

For a given transpulmonary pressure gradient and inflation time, which of the following lung units would exhibit the greatest change in volume?

Accepted Answer

A)  A unit with high resistance and low compliance 
B)  A unit with high resistance and normal compliance 
C)  A unit with normal resistance and low compliance 
D)  A unit with normal resistance and normal compliance 
A)  A unit with high resistance and low compliance 
B)  A unit with high resistance and normal compliance 
C)  A unit with normal resistance and low compliance 
D)  A unit with normal resistance and normal compliance

Question 15

In patients with small-airway disease breathing at higher than normal frequencies, what is likely to happen?
1) Dynamic compliance drops.
2) Oxygen consumption decreases.
3) The distribution of ventilation worsens.
4) The work of breathing increases.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1, 2, and 4 only 
C) 2, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1, 2, and 4 only 
C) 2, 3, and 4 only 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 16

Compared to a normal individual, when a patient with a severe obstructive impairment such as emphysema increases ventilation, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carbon dioxide production falls as anaerobic metabolism increases. 
B)  Oxygen consumption increases at a faster rate than normal. 
C)  Oxygen consumption rises faster than carbon dioxide production. 
D)  The anaerobic threshold is reached later than normal. 
A)  Carbon dioxide production falls as anaerobic metabolism increases. 
B)  Oxygen consumption increases at a faster rate than normal. 
C)  Oxygen consumption rises faster than carbon dioxide production. 
D)  The anaerobic threshold is reached later than normal.

Question 17

Which of the following pressures vary throughout the normal breathing cycle?
1) Alveolar pressure (Palv)
2) Body surface pressure (Pbs)
3) Mouth pressure (Pao)
4) Pleural pressure (Ppl)

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
B) 2, 3, and 4 only 
C) 2 and 4 only 
D) 1 and 4 only 
A) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
B) 2, 3, and 4 only 
C) 2 and 4 only 
D) 1 and 4 only

Question 18

Total lung-thorax compliance in normal subjects is about what level?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.1 L/cm H2O 
B)  0.2 L/cm H2O 
C)  1.0 L/cm H2O 
D)  2.0 L/cm H2O 
A)  0.1 L/cm H2O 
B)  0.2 L/cm H2O 
C)  1.0 L/cm H2O 
D)  2.0 L/cm H2O

Question 19

During normal tidal ventilation, the transpulmonary pressure gradient (Palv - Ppl) reaches its maximum value at what point in the cycle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Midinspiration 
B)  End-expiration 
C)  End-inspiration 
D)  Mid-expiration 
A)  Midinspiration 
B)  End-expiration 
C)  End-inspiration 
D)  Mid-expiration

Question 20

Given a constant resistance, how will increasing the compliance of a lung unit alter gas movement into and out of the alveolus?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both filling and emptying will be slower. 
B)  The alveolus will fill and empty more quickly. 
C)  The alveolus will fill more quickly but empty more slowly. 
D)  The alveolus will fill more slowly but empty more quickly. 
A)  Both filling and emptying will be slower. 
B)  The alveolus will fill and empty more quickly. 
C)  The alveolus will fill more quickly but empty more slowly. 
D)  The alveolus will fill more slowly but empty more quickly.

Exam 11: Ventilation

The presence of surfactant in the alveoli tends to do which of the following?

Regional factors affecting the distribution of gas in the normal lung result in which of the following?

Which of the following statements about Raw is true?

In a normal individual lying on the right side (right side down), which of the following conditions would be true?

Which of the following statements applies to a lung unit with higher resistance than normal?

In health, approximately what proportion of the total work of breathing is attributable to frictional resistance to tissue movement?

Which of the following formulas is used to compute the mechanical work of breathing?

If a patient has a VT of 370 ml and a respiratory rate of 20 breaths/min, what is the minute ventilation?

A lung that loses elastic fibers would exhibit which of the following characteristics?

At approximately what point during a maximum inspiration does the chest wall reach its natural resting level?

How can the body effectively compensate for an increased VDphy?

Exhalation below the resting level requires active muscular effort in order to overcome what tendency?

Which of the following statements are true about pressure differences in the upright lung? 1) Ppl increases from lung apex to base. 2) The apical alveoli resting volume is less than at the base. 3) The transpulmonary pressure gradient is greatest at the apex.

For a given transpulmonary pressure gradient and inflation time, which of the following lung units would exhibit the greatest change in volume?

In patients with small-airway disease breathing at higher than normal frequencies, what is likely to happen? 1) Dynamic compliance drops. 2) Oxygen consumption decreases. 3) The distribution of ventilation worsens. 4) The work of breathing increases.

Compared to a normal individual, when a patient with a severe obstructive impairment such as emphysema increases ventilation, which of the following occurs?

Which of the following pressures vary throughout the normal breathing cycle? 1) Alveolar pressure (Palv) 2) Body surface pressure (Pbs) 3) Mouth pressure (Pao) 4) Pleural pressure (Ppl)

Total lung-thorax compliance in normal subjects is about what level?

During normal tidal ventilation, the transpulmonary pressure gradient (Palv - Ppl) reaches its maximum value at what point in the cycle?

Given a constant resistance, how will increasing the compliance of a lung unit alter gas movement into and out of the alveolus?

History of Respiratory Care

Delivering Evidence-Based Respiratory Care

Quality, Patient Safety, and Communication, and Recordkeeping

Principles of Infection Prevention and Control

Ethical and Legal Implications of Practice

Physical Principles of Respiratory Care

E-Medicine in Respiratory Care

Fundamentals of Respiratory Care Research

The Respiratory System

The Cardiovascular System

Gas Exchange and Transport

Solutions, Body Fluids, and Electrolytes

Acid-Base Balance

Regulation of Breathing

Bedside Assessment of the Patient

Interpreting Clinical and Laboratory Data

Interpreting the Electrocardiogram

Analysis and Monitoring of Gas Exchange

Pulmonary Function Testing

Review of Thoracic Imaging

Flexible Bronchoscopy and the Respiratory Therapist

Nutrition Assessment

Pulmonary Infections

Obstructive Lung Disease: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Copd, Asthma, and Related Diseases

Interstitial Lung Disease

Pleural Diseases

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Trauma, Burns and Near Drowning

Lung Cancer

Neuromuscular and Other Diseases of the Chest Wall

Disorders of Sleep

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Disorders

Airway Pharmacology

Airway Management

Emergency Cardiovascular Life Support

Humidity and Bland Aerosol Therapy

Aerosol Drug Therapy

Storage and Delivery of Medical Gases

Medical Gas Therapy

Lung Expansion Therapy

Airway Clearance Therapy Act

Respiratory Failure and the Need for Ventilatory Support

Mechanical Ventilators

Physiology of Ventilatory Support

Patient Ventilator Interaction

Initiating and Adjusting Invasive Ventilatory Support

Noninvasive Ventilation

Extracorporeal Life Support Ecls

Monitoring the Patient in the Intensive Care Unit

Discontinuing Ventilatory Support

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care

Patient Education and Health Promotion

Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

Respiratory Care in Alternative Settings

Filters

Which of the following statements about R_aw is true?

If a patient has a V_T of 370 ml and a respiratory rate of 20 breaths/min, what is the minute ventilation?

How can the body effectively compensate for an increased V_Dphy?

Which of the following statements are true about pressure differences in the upright lung? 1) P_pl increases from lung apex to base. 2) The apical alveoli resting volume is less than at the base. 3) The transpulmonary pressure gradient is greatest at the apex.

Which of the following pressures vary throughout the normal breathing cycle? 1) Alveolar pressure (P_alv) 2) Body surface pressure (P_bs) 3) Mouth pressure (P_ao) 4) Pleural pressure (P_pl)

During normal tidal ventilation, the transpulmonary pressure gradient (P_alv - P_pl) reaches its maximum value at what point in the cycle?