Question 1

The highest PCO2 levels are found in what location?

Accepted Answer

A)  Arterial blood 
B)  Atmospheric air 
C)  Cells 
D)  Venous blood 
A)  Arterial blood 
B)  Atmospheric air 
C)  Cells 
D)  Venous blood

Question 2

In order to assess the events occurring at the tissue level, especially tissue oxygenation, what parameter would you sample and measure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Coronary sinus blood 
B)  Left-sided heart blood 
C)  Systemic arterial blood 
D)  Systemic mixed venous blood 
A)  Coronary sinus blood 
B)  Left-sided heart blood 
C)  Systemic arterial blood 
D)  Systemic mixed venous blood

Question 3

Under which of the following conditions may carbon dioxide removal be impaired?
1) When a   mismatch exists.
2) When the dead space ventilation/min is increased.
3) When the minute ventilation is inadequate.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3 
A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 4

Carbon dioxide diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane approximately how many times faster than O2?

Accepted Answer

A)  10 
B)  20 
C)  30 
D)  40 
A)  10 
B)  20 
C)  30 
D)  40

Question 5

Even in healthy young subjects, regional differences in pulmonary ventilation and blood flow result in the PaO2 being lower than the PAO2. Why is this so?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most blood flows through the apexes of the lung. 
B)  Most blood flows through areas with high. 
C)  Most blood flows through the bases of the lung. 
D)  Most ventilation goes to the apexes of the lung. 
A)  Most blood flows through the apexes of the lung. 
B)  Most blood flows through areas with high. 
C)  Most blood flows through the bases of the lung. 
D)  Most ventilation goes to the apexes of the lung.

Question 6

A patient has a P50 value of 29 mm Hg. What does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased affinity of Hb for O2 
B)  Higher than normal Hb saturation for a given PO2 
C)  Increased affinity of Hb for O2 
D)  Normal position in the HbO2 
A)  Decreased affinity of Hb for O2 
B)  Higher than normal Hb saturation for a given PO2 
C)  Increased affinity of Hb for O2 
D)  Normal position in the HbO2

Question 7

Which of the following conditions must exist for gas to move between the alveolus and pulmonary capillary?

Accepted Answer

A)  Adequate alveolar ventilation (V
A)  
B)  Difference in partial pressures (pressure gradient) 
C)  Normal central nervous system (CNS) control mechanism 
D)  Sufficient amount of blood hemoglobin (Hb) 
A)  Adequate alveolar ventilation (V
A)  
B)  Difference in partial pressures (pressure gradient) 
C)  Normal central nervous system (CNS) control mechanism 
D)  Sufficient amount of blood hemoglobin (Hb)

Question 8

A patient breathing 40% O2 at sea level has a PaO2 of 50 mm Hg, a PCO2 of 30 mm Hg, and a PAO2 - PaO2 of 250 mm Hg. When the FiO2 is raised to 0.7, the PaO2 rises to only 58 mm Hg. Hypoxemia is primarily due to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypoventilation 
B)  Impaired diffusion 
C)  Right-to-left shunt 
D)  imbalance 
A)  Hypoventilation 
B)  Impaired diffusion 
C)  Right-to-left shunt 
D)  imbalance

Question 9

Why is it necessary to keep the patient's PaO2 greater than 60 mm Hg?

Accepted Answer

A)  A level of 60 mm Hg marks the beginning of the steep part of O2Hb dissociation curve. 
B)  Below the 60 mm Hg level, tissue hypoxia is ensured. 
C)  Oxygen deprivation will cause severe cerebral vasoconstriction below 60 mm Hg. 
D)  The PaCO2 will start to rise precipitously if the PaO2 falls further. 
A)  A level of 60 mm Hg marks the beginning of the steep part of O2Hb dissociation curve. 
B)  Below the 60 mm Hg level, tissue hypoxia is ensured. 
C)  Oxygen deprivation will cause severe cerebral vasoconstriction below 60 mm Hg. 
D)  The PaCO2 will start to rise precipitously if the PaO2 falls further.

Question 10

What is the highest PAO2 one could expect to observe in an individual breathing room air at sea level?

Accepted Answer

A)  90 to 100 mm Hg 
B)  110 to 120 mm Hg 
C)  640 to 670 mm Hg 
D)  710 to 760 mm Hg 
A)  90 to 100 mm Hg 
B)  110 to 120 mm Hg 
C)  640 to 670 mm Hg 
D)  710 to 760 mm Hg

Question 11

Under which of the following conditions can the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PACO2) be increased?
1) When the body increases its production of CO2 (VCO2)
2) When the dead space ventilation per minute is increased (VD)
3) When the minute ventilation is inadequate (VE)
4) When the alveolar ventilation is decreased (VA)

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 1, 2 and 3 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 1, 2 and 3 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 12

The time available for diffusion in the lung is mainly a function of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Functional residual capacity (FR
C)  
B)  Inspired O2 concentration 
C)  Level of VA 
D)  Rate of pulmonary blood flow 
A)  Functional residual capacity (FR
C)  
B)  Inspired O2 concentration 
C)  Level of VA 
D)  Rate of pulmonary blood flow

Question 13

When a Hb molecule accumulates excessive amounts of HCO3-, it is expelled from the cell in exchange for Cl-. What is this called?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bohr effect 
B)  Haldane effect 
C)  Hamburger phenomenon 
D)  Hydrolysis phenomenon 
A)  Bohr effect 
B)  Haldane effect 
C)  Hamburger phenomenon 
D)  Hydrolysis phenomenon

Question 14

Given the following blood parameters, compute the total O2 content (dissolved + HbO2) of the blood in ml/dl: Hb = 18; PO2 = 40 mm Hg; SO2 = 73%.

Accepted Answer

A)  16.5 ml/dl 
B)  17.7 ml/dl 
C)  18.6 ml/dl 
D)  19.5 ml/dl 
A)  16.5 ml/dl 
B)  17.7 ml/dl 
C)  18.6 ml/dl 
D)  19.5 ml/dl

Question 15

What is the approximate normal level of carbon dioxide production (CO2) for an adult?

Accepted Answer

A)  200 ml/min 
B)  250 ml/min 
C)  4200 ml/min 
D)  6000 ml/min 
A)  200 ml/min 
B)  250 ml/min 
C)  4200 ml/min 
D)  6000 ml/min

Question 16

When is the rate of gaseous diffusion across a biological membrane decreased?

Accepted Answer

A)  The diffusion distance is small. 
B)  The gas diffusion constant increases. 
C)  The partial pressure gradient is low. 
D)  The surface area is large. 
A)  The diffusion distance is small. 
B)  The gas diffusion constant increases. 
C)  The partial pressure gradient is low. 
D)  The surface area is large.

Question 17

The conversion of HbO2 to deoxygenated Hb does which of the following?
1) Decreases blood carbon dioxide content.
2) Enhances carbon dioxide loading on Hb.
3) Helps buffer H+ ions.

Accepted Answer

A) 2 and 3 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3 
A) 2 and 3 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 18

Compared to normal levels, a shift in the HbO2 curve to the right has which of the following effects?
1) The affinity of Hb for O2 decreases.
2) The Hb saturation for a given PO2 falls.
3) The Hb saturation for a given PO2 rises.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3 
A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3

Question 19

A healthy person breathing 100% O2 at sea level would have PAO2 of approximately what level?

Accepted Answer

A)  149 mm Hg 
B)  670 mm Hg 
C)  713 mm Hg 
D)  760 mm Hg 
A)  149 mm Hg 
B)  670 mm Hg 
C)  713 mm Hg 
D)  760 mm Hg

Question 20

Which of the following are potential causes of hypoxia?
1) Decrease in arterial PO2
2) Decrease in available Hb
3) Decrease in cardiac output

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3 
A) 1 and 2 only 
B) 1 and 3 only 
C) 2 and 3 only 
D) 1, 2, and 3

Exam 12: Gas Exchange and Transport

The highest PCO2 levels are found in what location?

In order to assess the events occurring at the tissue level, especially tissue oxygenation, what parameter would you sample and measure?

Under which of the following conditions may carbon dioxide removal be impaired? 1) When a mismatch exists. 2) When the dead space ventilation/min is increased. 3) When the minute ventilation is inadequate.

Carbon dioxide diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane approximately how many times faster than O2?

Even in healthy young subjects, regional differences in pulmonary ventilation and blood flow result in the PaO2 being lower than the PAO2. Why is this so?

A patient has a P50 value of 29 mm Hg. What does this indicate?

Which of the following conditions must exist for gas to move between the alveolus and pulmonary capillary?

A patient breathing 40% O2 at sea level has a PaO2 of 50 mm Hg, a PCO2 of 30 mm Hg, and a PAO2 - PaO2 of 250 mm Hg. When the FiO2 is raised to 0.7, the PaO2 rises to only 58 mm Hg. Hypoxemia is primarily due to which of the following?

Why is it necessary to keep the patient's PaO2 greater than 60 mm Hg?

What is the highest PAO2 one could expect to observe in an individual breathing room air at sea level?

The time available for diffusion in the lung is mainly a function of which of the following?

When a Hb molecule accumulates excessive amounts of HCO3-, it is expelled from the cell in exchange for Cl-. What is this called?

Given the following blood parameters, compute the total O2 content (dissolved + HbO2) of the blood in ml/dl: Hb = 18; PO2 = 40 mm Hg; SO2 = 73%.

What is the approximate normal level of carbon dioxide production (CO2) for an adult?

When is the rate of gaseous diffusion across a biological membrane decreased?

The conversion of HbO2 to deoxygenated Hb does which of the following? 1) Decreases blood carbon dioxide content. 2) Enhances carbon dioxide loading on Hb. 3) Helps buffer H+ ions.

Compared to normal levels, a shift in the HbO2 curve to the right has which of the following effects? 1) The affinity of Hb for O2 decreases. 2) The Hb saturation for a given PO2 falls. 3) The Hb saturation for a given PO2 rises.

A healthy person breathing 100% O2 at sea level would have PAO2 of approximately what level?

Which of the following are potential causes of hypoxia? 1) Decrease in arterial PO2 2) Decrease in available Hb 3) Decrease in cardiac output

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Filters

The highest PCO₂ levels are found in what location?

Carbon dioxide diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane approximately how many times faster than O₂?

Even in healthy young subjects, regional differences in pulmonary ventilation and blood flow result in the PaO₂ being lower than the PAO₂. Why is this so?

A patient has a P₅₀ value of 29 mm Hg. What does this indicate?

A patient breathing 40% O₂ at sea level has a PaO₂ of 50 mm Hg, a PCO₂ of 30 mm Hg, and a PAO₂ - PaO₂ of 250 mm Hg. When the FiO₂ is raised to 0.7, the PaO₂ rises to only 58 mm Hg. Hypoxemia is primarily due to which of the following?

Why is it necessary to keep the patient's PaO₂ greater than 60 mm Hg?

What is the highest PAO₂ one could expect to observe in an individual breathing room air at sea level?

When a Hb molecule accumulates excessive amounts of HCO₃^-, it is expelled from the cell in exchange for Cl^-. What is this called?

Given the following blood parameters, compute the total O₂ content (dissolved + HbO₂) of the blood in ml/dl: Hb = 18; PO₂ = 40 mm Hg; SO₂ = 73%.

What is the approximate normal level of carbon dioxide production (CO₂) for an adult?

The conversion of HbO₂ to deoxygenated Hb does which of the following? 1) Decreases blood carbon dioxide content. 2) Enhances carbon dioxide loading on Hb. 3) Helps buffer H⁺ ions.

Compared to normal levels, a shift in the HbO₂ curve to the right has which of the following effects? 1) The affinity of Hb for O₂ decreases. 2) The Hb saturation for a given PO₂ falls. 3) The Hb saturation for a given PO₂ rises.

A healthy person breathing 100% O₂ at sea level would have PAO₂ of approximately what level?

Which of the following are potential causes of hypoxia? 1) Decrease in arterial PO₂ 2) Decrease in available Hb 3) Decrease in cardiac output