Question 1

Chronic venous insufficiency can progress to varicose veins and valvular incompetence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

What is the primary mechanism of atherogenesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  The release of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-),interferon gamma (IFN-),and interleukin 1 (Il-1) 
B)  The release of the growth factor granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 
C)  The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDL) 
D)  The release of the inflammatory cytokines interferon beta (IFN-ß),interleukin 6 (Il-6),and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 
A)  The release of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-),interferon gamma (IFN-),and interleukin 1 (Il-1) 
B)  The release of the growth factor granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 
C)  The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDL) 
D)  The release of the inflammatory cytokines interferon beta (IFN-ß),interleukin 6 (Il-6),and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Question 3

Many people with diabetes mellitus type 2,who were treated with drugs that increased insulin sensitivity,experienced a decline in their blood pressure without taking antihypertensive drugs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for _____ minutes.

Accepted Answer

A)  10 
B)  15 
C)  20 
D)  25 
A)  10 
B)  15 
C)  20 
D)  25

Question 5

Coronary artery disease can diminish the myocardial blood supply until deprivation impairs myocardial metabolism enough to cause _____,a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply.

Accepted Answer

A)  infarction 
B)  ischemia 
C)  necrosis 
D)  inflammation 
A)  infarction 
B)  ischemia 
C)  necrosis 
D)  inflammation

Question 6

Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides are increased in congestive heart failure and may have some protective effect in decreasing preload.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

What factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased norepinephrine 
B)  Adducin 
C)  Angiotensin II 
D)  Insulin resistance 
A)  Increased norepinephrine 
B)  Adducin 
C)  Angiotensin II 
D)  Insulin resistance

Question 9

Which lab test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?

Accepted Answer

A)  Homocysteine 
B)  Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) 
C)  Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 
D)  C reactive protein (CPR) 
A)  Homocysteine 
B)  Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) 
C)  Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 
D)  C reactive protein (CPR)

Question 10

MATCHING
Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
-Aortic stenosis

Accepted Answer

A) Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle 
B) Impairs flow from the left ventricle 
C) Backflow into left atrium 
D) Backflow into right atrium 
E) Backflow into left ventricle 
A) Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle 
B) Impairs flow from the left ventricle 
C) Backflow into left atrium 
D) Backflow into right atrium 
E) Backflow into left ventricle

Question 11

What changes in veins occur to create varicose veins?

Accepted Answer

A)  An increase in osmotic pressure 
B)  Damage to the valves with veins 
C)  Damage to the venous endothelium 
D)  An increase in hydrostatic pressure 
A)  An increase in osmotic pressure 
B)  Damage to the valves with veins 
C)  Damage to the venous endothelium 
D)  An increase in hydrostatic pressure

Question 12

_____ cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function,leading to dilated heart failure.

Accepted Answer

A)  Dilated 
B)  Hypertrophic 
C)  Septal 
D)  Dystrophic 
A)  Dilated 
B)  Hypertrophic 
C)  Septal 
D)  Dystrophic

Question 13

Which of the following risk factors is associated with a twofold increase in the risk for coronary artery disease death and up to a sixfold risk for stroke?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diabetes mellitus 
B)  Hypertension 
C)  Obesity 
D)  High alcohol consumption 
A)  Diabetes mellitus 
B)  Hypertension 
C)  Obesity 
D)  High alcohol consumption

Question 14

What are the vasoconstricting factors regulated by endothelium?

Accepted Answer

A)  Thromboxane A and endothelin 
B)  Norepinephrine and acetylcholine 
C)  Bradykinin and leukotriene 
D)  Serotonin and prostacyclin 
A)  Thromboxane A and endothelin 
B)  Norepinephrine and acetylcholine 
C)  Bradykinin and leukotriene 
D)  Serotonin and prostacyclin

Question 15

MATCHING
Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
-Mitral regurgitation

Accepted Answer

A) Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle 
B) Impairs flow from the left ventricle 
C) Backflow into left atrium 
D) Backflow into right atrium 
E) Backflow into left ventricle 
A) Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle 
B) Impairs flow from the left ventricle 
C) Backflow into left atrium 
D) Backflow into right atrium 
E) Backflow into left ventricle

Question 16

What is the most common cardiac disorder associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)resulting from myocarditis and infective endocarditis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inflammatory cardiomyopathy 
B)  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
C)  Dilated cardiomyopathy 
D)  Restrictive cardiomyopathy 
A)  Inflammatory cardiomyopathy 
B)  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
C)  Dilated cardiomyopathy 
D)  Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 17

What are the differences in arterial walls versus vs.walls that promote clot formation?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is inflammation of the endothelium of the artery and roughing of the endothelium of the vein. 
B)  There is vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery and hypertrophy of the endothelium of the vein. 
C)  There is excessive clot formation of the endothelium of the artery and lipid accumulation of the endothelium of the vein. 
D)  There is roughening of the endothelium of the artery and inflammation of the endothelium of the vein. 
A)  There is inflammation of the endothelium of the artery and roughing of the endothelium of the vein. 
B)  There is vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery and hypertrophy of the endothelium of the vein. 
C)  There is excessive clot formation of the endothelium of the artery and lipid accumulation of the endothelium of the vein. 
D)  There is roughening of the endothelium of the artery and inflammation of the endothelium of the vein.

Question 18

What alteration occurs in injured endothelial cells that contributes to atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  They release toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDL). 
B)  They are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines. 
C)  They produce an increased amount of antithrombic cytokines. 
D)  They develop a hypersensitivity to homocystine and lipids. 
A)  They release toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDL). 
B)  They are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines. 
C)  They produce an increased amount of antithrombic cytokines. 
D)  They develop a hypersensitivity to homocystine and lipids.

Question 19

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
-Results in muscular subaortic stenosis

Accepted Answer

A) Restrictive cardiomyopathy 
B) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
C) Dilated cardiomyopathy 
A) Restrictive cardiomyopathy 
B) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
C) Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 20

Of the following risk factors for coronary artery disease,which is responsible for a twofold to threefold increase in risk?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diabetes mellitus 
B)  Hypertension 
C)  Obesity 
D)  High alcohol consumption 
A)  Diabetes mellitus 
B)  Hypertension 
C)  Obesity 
D)  High alcohol consumption

Exam 29: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Chronic venous insufficiency can progress to varicose veins and valvular incompetence.

What is the primary mechanism of atherogenesis?

Many people with diabetes mellitus type 2,who were treated with drugs that increased insulin sensitivity,experienced a decline in their blood pressure without taking antihypertensive drugs.

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for _____ minutes.

Coronary artery disease can diminish the myocardial blood supply until deprivation impairs myocardial metabolism enough to cause _____,a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply.

Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides are increased in congestive heart failure and may have some protective effect in decreasing preload.

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease.

What factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

Which lab test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?

MATCHING Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms. -Aortic stenosis

What changes in veins occur to create varicose veins?

_____ cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function,leading to dilated heart failure.

Which of the following risk factors is associated with a twofold increase in the risk for coronary artery disease death and up to a sixfold risk for stroke?

What are the vasoconstricting factors regulated by endothelium?

MATCHING Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms. -Mitral regurgitation

What is the most common cardiac disorder associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)resulting from myocarditis and infective endocarditis?

What are the differences in arterial walls versus vs.walls that promote clot formation?

What alteration occurs in injured endothelial cells that contributes to atherosclerosis?

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms. -Results in muscular subaortic stenosis

Of the following risk factors for coronary artery disease,which is responsible for a twofold to threefold increase in risk?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity Including Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Including Hypersensitivies

Infection Including Hivaids

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer

Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Disorders of Neurologic Function

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations in Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

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