Question 1

What causes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Excessive production of hydrochloric acid 
B)  A zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) 
C)  Presence of H.pylori in the esophagus 
D)  Reverse muscular peristalsis of the esophagus 
A)  Excessive production of hydrochloric acid 
B)  A zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) 
C)  Presence of H.pylori in the esophagus 
D)  Reverse muscular peristalsis of the esophagus B

Question 2

After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty,what causes clinical manifestations of increased pulse,hypotension,weakness,pallor,sweating,and dizziness?

Accepted Answer

A)  An anaphylactic reaction in which chemical mediators,such as histamine,prostaglandins,and leukotrienes,relax vascular smooth muscles causing shock. 
B)  These clinical manifestations are caused by hemorrhage postoperatively in which a large volume of blood is lost causing hypotension with compensatory tachycardia. 
C)  A concentrated bolus moves from stomach into the small intestine,which causes hyperglycemia,resulting in polyuria and eventually hypovolemic shock. 
D)  A rapid gastric emptying and creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine that causes a sudden shift of fluid from the blood vessels to the intestinal lumen. 
A)  An anaphylactic reaction in which chemical mediators,such as histamine,prostaglandins,and leukotrienes,relax vascular smooth muscles causing shock. 
B)  These clinical manifestations are caused by hemorrhage postoperatively in which a large volume of blood is lost causing hypotension with compensatory tachycardia. 
C)  A concentrated bolus moves from stomach into the small intestine,which causes hyperglycemia,resulting in polyuria and eventually hypovolemic shock. 
D)  A rapid gastric emptying and creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine that causes a sudden shift of fluid from the blood vessels to the intestinal lumen. D

Question 3

Hepatitis D occurs in individuals with hepatitisB.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

What are the cardinal symptoms of small intestinal obstruction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Constant,dull pain in the lower abdomen relieved by defecation 
B)  Acute,intermittent pain 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating 
C)  Colicky pain caused by distention followed by vomiting 
D)  Excruciating pain in the hypogastric area caused by ischemia 
A)  Constant,dull pain in the lower abdomen relieved by defecation 
B)  Acute,intermittent pain 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating 
C)  Colicky pain caused by distention followed by vomiting 
D)  Excruciating pain in the hypogastric area caused by ischemia

Question 5

The adult intestine processes approximately _____ L of luminal content per day,of which 99% of the fluid is normally reabsorbed.

Accepted Answer

A)  3 
B)  6 
C)  9 
D)  12 
A)  3 
B)  6 
C)  9 
D)  12

Question 6

Where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)for vomiting?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypothalamus 
B)  Medulla oblongata 
C)  Pons 
D)  Midbrain 
A)  Hypothalamus 
B)  Medulla oblongata 
C)  Pons 
D)  Midbrain

Question 7

If a person lacks the enzyme lactase and ingests lactose,the lactose will not be hydrolyzed and absorbed into the intestinal wall;the type of diarrhea that results is _____ diarrhea.

Accepted Answer

A)  motility 
B)  osmotic 
C)  secretory 
D)  small-volume 
A)  motility 
B)  osmotic 
C)  secretory 
D)  small-volume

Question 8

Which symptoms characterize bulimia nervosa?

Accepted Answer

A)  Recurrent episodes of binge eating with fears of not being able to stop eating 
B)  A fear of becoming obese despite progressive weight loss 
C)  A perception that the body is fat when it is actually underweight 
D)  Absence of three consecutive menstrual periods 
A)  Recurrent episodes of binge eating with fears of not being able to stop eating 
B)  A fear of becoming obese despite progressive weight loss 
C)  A perception that the body is fat when it is actually underweight 
D)  Absence of three consecutive menstrual periods

Question 9

Which is a description of abdominal visceral pain?

Accepted Answer

A)  Visceral pain is diffuse,vague,poorly localized and dull. 
B)  Nerve fibers for visceral pain travel from a specific organ to the spinal cord. 
C)  Visceral pain lateralizes because the viscera is innervated from only one side of the nervous system. 
D)  Visceral pain is intermittent in concert with the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract. 
A)  Visceral pain is diffuse,vague,poorly localized and dull. 
B)  Nerve fibers for visceral pain travel from a specific organ to the spinal cord. 
C)  Visceral pain lateralizes because the viscera is innervated from only one side of the nervous system. 
D)  Visceral pain is intermittent in concert with the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 10

A peptic ulcer may occur in all of the following areas except the:

Accepted Answer

A)  stomach. 
B)  duodenum. 
C)  jejunum. 
D)  esophagus. 
A)  stomach. 
B)  duodenum. 
C)  jejunum. 
D)  esophagus.

Question 11

Anorexia is the lack of desire to eat despite physiologic stimuli that would normally produce hunger.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

After a gastrectomy,individuals develop anemias from deficiencies in iron,folate,and vitamin B12.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Which hormone and/or peptide stimulates eating?

Accepted Answer

A)  Agouti-related protein (AGRP) 
B)  Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (-MSH) 
C)  Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) 
D)  Peptide YY (PYY) 
A)  Agouti-related protein (AGRP) 
B)  Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (-MSH) 
C)  Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) 
D)  Peptide YY (PYY)

Question 14

Diarrhea of more than _____ stools per day is considered abnormal.

Accepted Answer

A)  two 
B)  three or more 
C)  five or more 
D)  seven or more 
A)  two 
B)  three or more 
C)  five or more 
D)  seven or more

Question 15

_____ vomiting is caused by direct stimulation of the vomiting center by neurologic lesions involving the brainstem.

Accepted Answer

A)  Retch 
B)  Periodic 
C)  Duodenal 
D)  Projectile 
A)  Retch 
B)  Periodic 
C)  Duodenal 
D)  Projectile

Question 16

Which type of ulcer is characterized by an increase in concentration of bile salts that damages the mucosal barrier by permitting hydrogen ions to diffuse into the mucosa,where they disrupt permeability and cellular structure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ischemic ulcer 
B)  Curling ulcer 
C)  Gastric ulcers 
D)  Duodenal ulcers 
A)  Ischemic ulcer 
B)  Curling ulcer 
C)  Gastric ulcers 
D)  Duodenal ulcers

Question 17

MATCHING
Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
-Affects the entire gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus.

Accepted Answer

A) Ulcerative colitis 
B) Crohn disease 
A) Ulcerative colitis 
B) Crohn disease

Question 18

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is _____ bleeding.

Accepted Answer

A)  rectal 
B)  duodenal 
C)  esophageal 
D)  intestinal 
A)  rectal 
B)  duodenal 
C)  esophageal 
D)  intestinal

Question 19

How does an intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine cause metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  By the gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed 
B)  By an excessive loss of hydrogen ions normally absorbed from gastric juice 
C)  By an excessive loss of potassium promoting atony of the intestinal wall 
D)  By the loss of bile acid secretions that cannot be absorbed 
A)  By the gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed 
B)  By an excessive loss of hydrogen ions normally absorbed from gastric juice 
C)  By an excessive loss of potassium promoting atony of the intestinal wall 
D)  By the loss of bile acid secretions that cannot be absorbed

Question 20

Which are early (prodromal)clinical manifestations of hepatitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fatigue,fever,hyperalgia,and vomiting 
B)  Light-colored stools,dark-colored urine 
C)  Large,tender liver;itching;jaundice 
D)  Pain in the left upper quadrant,splenomegaly 
A)  Fatigue,fever,hyperalgia,and vomiting 
B)  Light-colored stools,dark-colored urine 
C)  Large,tender liver;itching;jaundice 
D)  Pain in the left upper quadrant,splenomegaly

Exam 37: Alterations of Digestive Function

What causes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty,what causes clinical manifestations of increased pulse,hypotension,weakness,pallor,sweating,and dizziness?

Hepatitis D occurs in individuals with hepatitisB.

What are the cardinal symptoms of small intestinal obstruction?

The adult intestine processes approximately _____ L of luminal content per day,of which 99% of the fluid is normally reabsorbed.

Where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)for vomiting?

If a person lacks the enzyme lactase and ingests lactose,the lactose will not be hydrolyzed and absorbed into the intestinal wall;the type of diarrhea that results is _____ diarrhea.

Which symptoms characterize bulimia nervosa?

Which is a description of abdominal visceral pain?

A peptic ulcer may occur in all of the following areas except the:

Anorexia is the lack of desire to eat despite physiologic stimuli that would normally produce hunger.

After a gastrectomy,individuals develop anemias from deficiencies in iron,folate,and vitamin B12.

Which hormone and/or peptide stimulates eating?

Diarrhea of more than _____ stools per day is considered abnormal.

_____ vomiting is caused by direct stimulation of the vomiting center by neurologic lesions involving the brainstem.

Which type of ulcer is characterized by an increase in concentration of bile salts that damages the mucosal barrier by permitting hydrogen ions to diffuse into the mucosa,where they disrupt permeability and cellular structure?

MATCHING Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms. -Affects the entire gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus.

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is _____ bleeding.

How does an intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine cause metabolic alkalosis?

Which are early (prodromal)clinical manifestations of hepatitis?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity Including Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Including Hypersensitivies

Infection Including Hivaids

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer

Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Disorders of Neurologic Function

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations in Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Filters

After a gastrectomy,individuals develop anemias from deficiencies in iron,folate,and vitamin B₁₂.