Question 1

Why are two "hits" required to inactivate tumor suppressor genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because each allele must be altered and each person has two copies,or alleles,of each gene,one from each parent 
B)  Because the first "hit" stops tissue growth and the second "hit" is needed to cause abnormal tissue growth 
C)  Because they are larger than proto-oncogenes requiring two "hits" to effect carcinogenesis 
D)  Because the first "hit" is insufficient to cause sufficient damage to cause a mutation 
A)  Because each allele must be altered and each person has two copies,or alleles,of each gene,one from each parent 
B)  Because the first "hit" stops tissue growth and the second "hit" is needed to cause abnormal tissue growth 
C)  Because they are larger than proto-oncogenes requiring two "hits" to effect carcinogenesis 
D)  Because the first "hit" is insufficient to cause sufficient damage to cause a mutation A

Question 2

Which of the following has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with smoking?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alcohol 
B)  Steroids 
C)  Antihistamines 
D)  Antidepressants 
A)  Alcohol 
B)  Steroids 
C)  Antihistamines 
D)  Antidepressants A

Question 3

What are characteristics of benign tumors?

Accepted Answer

A)  They invade local tissues. 
B)  They spread through lymph. 
C)  They cause systemic symptoms. 
D)  They have a low mitotic index. 
A)  They invade local tissues. 
B)  They spread through lymph. 
C)  They cause systemic symptoms. 
D)  They have a low mitotic index. D

Question 4

What are tumor cell markers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hormones,enzymes,antigens,and antibodies produced by cancer cells 
B)  Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked 
C)  Cytokines produced against cancer cells 
D)  Identification marks used in administering radiation therapy 
A)  Hormones,enzymes,antigens,and antibodies produced by cancer cells 
B)  Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked 
C)  Cytokines produced against cancer cells 
D)  Identification marks used in administering radiation therapy

Question 5

There is no current evidence that associates obesity with cancer formation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

What are characteristics of cancer in situ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cells have broken through the local basement membrane. 
B)  Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue. 
C)  Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. 
D)  Cellular and tissues changes indicate dysplasia. 
A)  Cells have broken through the local basement membrane. 
B)  Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue. 
C)  Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. 
D)  Cellular and tissues changes indicate dysplasia.

Question 7

Which cancers are associated with chronic inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Skin,lung,and pancreatic 
B)  Colon,liver,and lung 
C)  Bone,blood cells,and pancreatic 
D)  Bladder,skin,and kidney 
A)  Skin,lung,and pancreatic 
B)  Colon,liver,and lung 
C)  Bone,blood cells,and pancreatic 
D)  Bladder,skin,and kidney

Question 8

Which of the viruses below are oncogenic DNA viruses?

Accepted Answer

A)  Papovaviruses,adenoviruses,and herpesviruses 
B)  Retroviruses,papovaviruses,and adenoviruses 
C)  Adenoviruses,herpesviruses,and retroviruses 
D)  Herpesviruses,retroviruses,and papovaviruses 
A)  Papovaviruses,adenoviruses,and herpesviruses 
B)  Retroviruses,papovaviruses,and adenoviruses 
C)  Adenoviruses,herpesviruses,and retroviruses 
D)  Herpesviruses,retroviruses,and papovaviruses

Question 9

Most human cancers appear to arise via:

Accepted Answer

A)  autosomal recessive gene inheritance. 
B)  spontaneous gene mutations. 
C)  X-linked recessive gene inheritance. 
D)  autosomal dominant gene inheritance. 
A)  autosomal recessive gene inheritance. 
B)  spontaneous gene mutations. 
C)  X-linked recessive gene inheritance. 
D)  autosomal dominant gene inheritance.

Question 10

MATCHING
Match the description with its corresponding term.
-Anaplasia

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity 
A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 11

MATCHING
Match the description with its corresponding term.
-Pleomorphic

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity 
A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 12

Which characteristic among women correlates with a high morbidity of cancer of the colon,liver,gallbladder,pancreas,breast,uterus,and kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  Women over 45 years 
B)  Women who never had children 
C)  Women who had a high body mass index 
D)  Woman who smoked for more than 10 years 
A)  Women over 45 years 
B)  Women who never had children 
C)  Women who had a high body mass index 
D)  Woman who smoked for more than 10 years

Question 13

Anaplasia is recognized by loss or organization and a marked increase in nuclear size.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proto-oncogenes 
B)  Oncogenes 
C)  Tumor suppressor genes 
D)  Growth promoting genes 
A)  Proto-oncogenes 
B)  Oncogenes 
C)  Tumor suppressor genes 
D)  Growth promoting genes

Question 15

Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  dysplasiA. 
B)  hyperplasia. 
C)  myoplasia. 
D)  anaplasia. 
A)  dysplasiA. 
B)  hyperplasia. 
C)  myoplasia. 
D)  anaplasia.

Question 16

The Papanicolaou (Pap)test is used to screen for which cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ovarian 
B)  Uterine 
C)  Cervical 
D)  Vaginal 
A)  Ovarian 
B)  Uterine 
C)  Cervical 
D)  Vaginal

Question 17

How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  By vasodilation and increased permeability that alter cellular response to DNA damage 
B)  By liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged,which initiates mutations 
C)  By releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations 
D)  By increasing the abundance of leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers 
A)  By vasodilation and increased permeability that alter cellular response to DNA damage 
B)  By liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged,which initiates mutations 
C)  By releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations 
D)  By increasing the abundance of leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers

Question 18

MATCHING
Match the description with its corresponding term.
-Caretaker gene

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity 
A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 19

What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proto-oncogenes are changed to oncogenes. 
B)  The tumor suppressor gene is turned off. 
C)  Genetic amplification causes the growth. 
D)  Chromosomes 9 and 21 are fused. 
A)  Proto-oncogenes are changed to oncogenes. 
B)  The tumor suppressor gene is turned off. 
C)  Genetic amplification causes the growth. 
D)  Chromosomes 9 and 21 are fused.

Question 20

MATCHING
Match the description with its corresponding term.
-Proto-oncogene

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity 
A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Exam 11: Biology of Cancer

Why are two "hits" required to inactivate tumor suppressor genes?

Which of the following has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with smoking?

What are characteristics of benign tumors?

What are tumor cell markers?

There is no current evidence that associates obesity with cancer formation.

What are characteristics of cancer in situ?

Which cancers are associated with chronic inflammation?

Which of the viruses below are oncogenic DNA viruses?

Most human cancers appear to arise via:

MATCHING Match the description with its corresponding term. -Anaplasia

MATCHING Match the description with its corresponding term. -Pleomorphic

Which characteristic among women correlates with a high morbidity of cancer of the colon,liver,gallbladder,pancreas,breast,uterus,and kidney?

Anaplasia is recognized by loss or organization and a marked increase in nuclear size.

Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?

Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized.This is an example of:

The Papanicolaou (Pap)test is used to screen for which cancer?

How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?

MATCHING Match the description with its corresponding term. -Caretaker gene

What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?

MATCHING Match the description with its corresponding term. -Proto-oncogene

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity Including Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Including Hypersensitivies

Infection Including Hivaids

Stress and Disease

Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Disorders of Neurologic Function

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations in Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

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