Question 1

Which are clinical manifestations of pulmonary hypertension?

Accepted Answer

A)  Systemic blood pressure greater than 130/90 
B)  Productive cough and rhonchi bilaterally 
C)  Dyspnea on exertion and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 
D)  Peripheral edema and jugular vein distention 
A)  Systemic blood pressure greater than 130/90 
B)  Productive cough and rhonchi bilaterally 
C)  Dyspnea on exertion and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 
D)  Peripheral edema and jugular vein distention D

Question 2

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
-Empyema

Accepted Answer

A) Accumulation of air in pleural space 
B) Pus in the pleural space 
C) Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space 
D) Inflammation of the pleura 
E) Result of rib or sternal fractures 
A) Accumulation of air in pleural space 
B) Pus in the pleural space 
C) Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space 
D) Inflammation of the pleura 
E) Result of rib or sternal fractures B

Question 3

Which of the following is a true statement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypoventilation causes hypocapniA. 
B)  Hyperventilation causes hypercapnia. 
C)  Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia. 
D)  Hyperventilation results in an increased PaCO2. 
A)  Hypoventilation causes hypocapniA. 
B)  Hyperventilation causes hypercapnia. 
C)  Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia. 
D)  Hyperventilation results in an increased PaCO2. C

Question 4

In adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),what releases inflammatory mediators such as proteolytic enzymes,oxygen free radicals,prostaglandins,leukotrienes,and platelet-activating factor?

Accepted Answer

A)  Complement cascade 
B)  Mast cells 
C)  Macrophages 
D)  Neutrophils 
A)  Complement cascade 
B)  Mast cells 
C)  Macrophages 
D)  Neutrophils

Question 5

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
-Pleural effusion

Accepted Answer

A) Accumulation of air in pleural space 
B) Pus in the pleural space 
C) Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space 
D) Inflammation of the pleura 
E) Result of rib or sternal fractures 
A) Accumulation of air in pleural space 
B) Pus in the pleural space 
C) Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space 
D) Inflammation of the pleura 
E) Result of rib or sternal fractures

Question 6

An abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratio is the most common cause of hypoxemia.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

In _____ bronchiectasis,constrictions and dilations deform the bronchi.

Accepted Answer

A)  varicose 
B)  symmetric 
C)  cylindric 
D)  saccular 
A)  varicose 
B)  symmetric 
C)  cylindric 
D)  saccular

Question 8

Which inflammatory mediators are produced in asthma?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neutrophil proteases,bradykinin,and histamine 
B)  Bradykinin,serotonin,and neutrophil proteases 
C)  Histamine,prostaglandins,and leukotrienes 
D)  Lymphokines,serotonin,and prostaglandins 
A)  Neutrophil proteases,bradykinin,and histamine 
B)  Bradykinin,serotonin,and neutrophil proteases 
C)  Histamine,prostaglandins,and leukotrienes 
D)  Lymphokines,serotonin,and prostaglandins

Question 9

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain dormant and walled off in tubercles for life,but may be reactivated if the patient's immune system is impaired.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

What is the most common route of lower respiratory tract infection?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions 
B)  Inhalation of microorganisms 
C)  Microorganisms spread to lung via blood 
A)  Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions 
B)  Inhalation of microorganisms 
C)  Microorganisms spread to lung via blood

Question 11

What is the effect of inflammatory cytokines,tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a),and interleukin 1 (Il-1),in asthma?

Accepted Answer

A)  They increase levels of norepinephrine,which causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion. 
B)  They increase levels of acetylcholine,which causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion. 
C)  They increase levels of epinephrine,which causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increases capillary permeability. 
D)  They increase levels of immunoglobulins G,which initiates the complement cascade and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased capillary permeability. 
A)  They increase levels of norepinephrine,which causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion. 
B)  They increase levels of acetylcholine,which causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion. 
C)  They increase levels of epinephrine,which causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increases capillary permeability. 
D)  They increase levels of immunoglobulins G,which initiates the complement cascade and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased capillary permeability.

Question 12

MATCHING
Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
-Pulmonary fibrosis

Accepted Answer

A) The passage of fluid and solid particles into the lung 
B) Inflammatory obstruction of small airways 
C) Excessive amount of connective tissue in the lung 
D) Alveolar collapse 
E) Abnormal dilation of the bronchi 
A) The passage of fluid and solid particles into the lung 
B) Inflammatory obstruction of small airways 
C) Excessive amount of connective tissue in the lung 
D) Alveolar collapse 
E) Abnormal dilation of the bronchi

Question 13

Which statement about silicosis and asbestosis is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both are caused by inhalation of inorganic dust particles. 
B)  Both are types of pneumoconiosis. 
C)  Both cause lung cancer. 
D)  Both cause inflammation and cellular apoptosis of lung cells. 
A)  Both are caused by inhalation of inorganic dust particles. 
B)  Both are types of pneumoconiosis. 
C)  Both cause lung cancer. 
D)  Both cause inflammation and cellular apoptosis of lung cells.

Question 14

_____ is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.

Accepted Answer

A)  Acute respiratory distress syndrome 
B)  Pneumonia 
C)  Pulmonary emboli 
D)  Pulmonary edema 
A)  Acute respiratory distress syndrome 
B)  Pneumonia 
C)  Pulmonary emboli 
D)  Pulmonary edema

Question 15

The most successful treatment for asthma involves:

Accepted Answer

A)  elimination of the causative agent. 
B)  broad-spectrum antibiotics. 
C)  drugs that reduce bronchospasm. 
D)  drugs that decrease airway inflammation. 
A)  elimination of the causative agent. 
B)  broad-spectrum antibiotics. 
C)  drugs that reduce bronchospasm. 
D)  drugs that decrease airway inflammation.

Question 16

Chronic pulmonary hypertension can lead to cor pulmonale.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis can be explained by which of the following descriptions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inflammation of airways with bronchial smooth muscle spasm,vascular engorgement,increased vascular permeability,and production of thick tenacious mucus 
B)  Increase in the number and size of mucous glands and goblet cells in airway epithelium 
C)  Abnormal permanent enlargement of gas exchange airways with destruction of alveolar walls 
D)  Release of inflammatory cytokines and cells are released that cause alveolar edema 
A)  Inflammation of airways with bronchial smooth muscle spasm,vascular engorgement,increased vascular permeability,and production of thick tenacious mucus 
B)  Increase in the number and size of mucous glands and goblet cells in airway epithelium 
C)  Abnormal permanent enlargement of gas exchange airways with destruction of alveolar walls 
D)  Release of inflammatory cytokines and cells are released that cause alveolar edema

Question 18

Which immunoglobulins may contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma?

Accepted Answer

A)  Immunoglobulin A 
B)  Immunoglobulin E 
C)  Immunoglobulin G 
D)  Immunoglobulin M 
A)  Immunoglobulin A 
B)  Immunoglobulin E 
C)  Immunoglobulin G 
D)  Immunoglobulin M

Question 19

Which bacteria become embedded in the airway secretions in chronic bronchitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia pneumoniae 
B)  Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pneumocystis jirovici 
C)  Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae 
D)  Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus 
A)  Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia pneumoniae 
B)  Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pneumocystis jirovici 
C)  Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae 
D)  Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus

Question 20

In _____ pleural effusion,the fluid is watery and diffuses out of the capillaries as a result of increased blood pressure or decreased capillary oncotic pressure.

Accepted Answer

A)  exudative 
B)  purulent 
C)  transudative 
D)  large 
A)  exudative 
B)  purulent 
C)  transudative 
D)  large

Exam 32: Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Which are clinical manifestations of pulmonary hypertension?

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms. -Empyema

Which of the following is a true statement?

In adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),what releases inflammatory mediators such as proteolytic enzymes,oxygen free radicals,prostaglandins,leukotrienes,and platelet-activating factor?

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms. -Pleural effusion

An abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratio is the most common cause of hypoxemia.

In _____ bronchiectasis,constrictions and dilations deform the bronchi.

Which inflammatory mediators are produced in asthma?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain dormant and walled off in tubercles for life,but may be reactivated if the patient's immune system is impaired.

What is the most common route of lower respiratory tract infection?

What is the effect of inflammatory cytokines,tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a),and interleukin 1 (Il-1),in asthma?

MATCHING Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms. -Pulmonary fibrosis

Which statement about silicosis and asbestosis is false?

_____ is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.

The most successful treatment for asthma involves:

Chronic pulmonary hypertension can lead to cor pulmonale.

The pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis can be explained by which of the following descriptions?

Which immunoglobulins may contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma?

Which bacteria become embedded in the airway secretions in chronic bronchitis?

In _____ pleural effusion,the fluid is watery and diffuses out of the capillaries as a result of increased blood pressure or decreased capillary oncotic pressure.

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity Including Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Including Hypersensitivies

Infection Including Hivaids

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer

Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Disorders of Neurologic Function

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations in Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Filters