Question 1

What initiates the formation of ammonium (NH4)from ammonia (NH3)in the tubular lumen of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  Arterial pH of 7.25 
B)  Arterial pH of 7.35 
C)  Arterial pH of 7.55 
D)  Arterial pH of 7.65 
A)  Arterial pH of 7.25 
B)  Arterial pH of 7.35 
C)  Arterial pH of 7.55 
D)  Arterial pH of 7.65 A

Question 2

Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease in serum sodium. 
B)  increase in plasma osmolality. 
C)  increase in glomerular filtration rate. 
D)  decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation. 
A)  decrease in serum sodium. 
B)  increase in plasma osmolality. 
C)  increase in glomerular filtration rate. 
D)  decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation. B

Question 3

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
-Weight gain,bounding pulse,increased blood pressure,edema

Accepted Answer

A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia 
A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia B

Question 4

What is the action of natriuretic peptides?

Accepted Answer

A)  They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion. 
B)  They increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion. 
C)  They increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion 
D)  They decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion. 
A)  They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion. 
B)  They increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion. 
C)  They increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion 
D)  They decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.

Question 5

Why are obese people at greater risk for dehydration than lean people?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because adipose cells contain little water;fat is water repelling 
B)  Because the metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than lean adults 
C)  Because the rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than lean adults 
D)  Because the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively 
A)  Because adipose cells contain little water;fat is water repelling 
B)  Because the metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than lean adults 
C)  Because the rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than lean adults 
D)  Because the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively

Question 6

Hypermagnesemia is usually caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  hepatitis. 
B)  renal failure. 
C)  trauma to the hypothalamus. 
D)  pancreatitis. 
A)  hepatitis. 
B)  renal failure. 
C)  trauma to the hypothalamus. 
D)  pancreatitis.

Question 7

What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion,convulsions,cerebral hemorrhage,and coma in hypernatremia?

Accepted Answer

A)  The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the blood vessels causing brain cells to shrink. 
B)  The high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of blood vessels into the brain cells causing them to swell. 
C)  The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of brain cells,which slows the synapses within the brain. 
D)  The high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water causing brain cells to swell. 
A)  The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the blood vessels causing brain cells to shrink. 
B)  The high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of blood vessels into the brain cells causing them to swell. 
C)  The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of brain cells,which slows the synapses within the brain. 
D)  The high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water causing brain cells to swell.

Question 8

Hyperaldosteronism causes which fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hyperkalemia,hypernatremia,and fluid volume excess 
B)  Hypokalemia,hypernatremia,and fluid volume excess 
C)  Hyperkalemia,hyponatremia,and fluid volume deficit 
D)  Hypokalemia,hypernatremia,and fluid volume deficit 
A)  Hyperkalemia,hypernatremia,and fluid volume excess 
B)  Hypokalemia,hypernatremia,and fluid volume excess 
C)  Hyperkalemia,hyponatremia,and fluid volume deficit 
D)  Hypokalemia,hypernatremia,and fluid volume deficit

Question 9

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
-Inversely related to HCO3 concentration

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate 
A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate

Question 10

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
-Depression,confusion,irritability,increased reflexes,tetany

Accepted Answer

A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia 
A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia

Question 11

The calcium and phosphate balances are influenced by which three substances?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parathyroid hormone,vasopressin,and vitamin D 
B)  Parathyroid hormone,calcitonin,and vitamin D 
C)  Thyroid hormone,vasopressin,and vitamin A 
D)  Thyroid hormone,calcitonin,and vitamin A 
A)  Parathyroid hormone,vasopressin,and vitamin D 
B)  Parathyroid hormone,calcitonin,and vitamin D 
C)  Thyroid hormone,vasopressin,and vitamin A 
D)  Thyroid hormone,calcitonin,and vitamin A

Question 12

A patient has a long history of smoking.He has blood studies done because he is very tired,is short of breath,and just does not feel well.His blood gases reveal the following findings: pH,7.3;HCO3 27 mEq/L;CO2,58 mmHg.What is the interpretation of these gases?

Accepted Answer

A)  Respiratory alkalosis 
B)  Metabolic acidosis 
C)  Respiratory acidosis 
D)  Metabolic alkalosis 
A)  Respiratory alkalosis 
B)  Metabolic acidosis 
C)  Respiratory acidosis 
D)  Metabolic alkalosis

Question 13

Retention of sodium and water is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B)  Interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
C)  Capillary oncotic pressure 
D)  Interstitial oncotic pressure 
A)  Capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B)  Interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
C)  Capillary oncotic pressure 
D)  Interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 14

Why are infants susceptible to significant losses in total body water (TBW)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because more than half of an infant's body weight is water 
B)  Because infants have a slow metabolic rate 
C)  Because infant's kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluids losses 
D)  Because they are unable communicate adequately when they are thirsty 
A)  Because more than half of an infant's body weight is water 
B)  Because infants have a slow metabolic rate 
C)  Because infant's kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluids losses 
D)  Because they are unable communicate adequately when they are thirsty

Question 15

The two main intracellular fluid compartments are the interstitial fluid contained in the nucleus and the intravascular fluid contained in the cell body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing laxatives can result in:

Accepted Answer

A)  hypomagnesemiA. 
B)  hypophosphatemia. 
C)  hyponatremia. 
D)  hypokalemia. 
A)  hypomagnesemiA. 
B)  hypophosphatemia. 
C)  hyponatremia. 
D)  hypokalemia.

Question 17

How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insulin stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium. 
B)  Insulin binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys. 
C)  Insulin transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose. 
D)  Insulin breaks down the chemical components of potassium so that it is not longer effective. 
A)  Insulin stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium. 
B)  Insulin binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys. 
C)  Insulin transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose. 
D)  Insulin breaks down the chemical components of potassium so that it is not longer effective.

Question 18

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
-Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect this electrolyte

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate 
A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate

Question 19

Which are indications of dehydration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit 
B)  Muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes 
C)  Tachycardia and weight loss 
D)  Polyuria and hyperventilation 
A)  Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit 
B)  Muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes 
C)  Tachycardia and weight loss 
D)  Polyuria and hyperventilation

Question 20

Which of the following buffers works the fastest (in minutes to hours)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hemoglobin Hb/HHb 
B)  Bicarbonate/Carbonic acid (HCO3/H2CO3) 
C)  Phosphate (HPO4/H2PO4) 
D)  Ammonia (NH3/NH4) 
A)  Hemoglobin Hb/HHb 
B)  Bicarbonate/Carbonic acid (HCO3/H2CO3) 
C)  Phosphate (HPO4/H2PO4) 
D)  Ammonia (NH3/NH4)

Exam 3: The Cellular Environment

What initiates the formation of ammonium (NH4)from ammonia (NH3)in the tubular lumen of the kidney?

Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n):

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations. -Weight gain,bounding pulse,increased blood pressure,edema

What is the action of natriuretic peptides?

Why are obese people at greater risk for dehydration than lean people?

Hypermagnesemia is usually caused by:

What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion,convulsions,cerebral hemorrhage,and coma in hypernatremia?

Hyperaldosteronism causes which fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

MATCHING Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. ) -Inversely related to HCO3 concentration

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations. -Depression,confusion,irritability,increased reflexes,tetany

The calcium and phosphate balances are influenced by which three substances?

A patient has a long history of smoking.He has blood studies done because he is very tired,is short of breath,and just does not feel well.His blood gases reveal the following findings: pH,7.3;HCO3 27 mEq/L;CO2,58 mmHg.What is the interpretation of these gases?

Retention of sodium and water is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

Why are infants susceptible to significant losses in total body water (TBW)?

The two main intracellular fluid compartments are the interstitial fluid contained in the nucleus and the intravascular fluid contained in the cell body.

Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing laxatives can result in:

How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

MATCHING Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. ) -Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect this electrolyte

Which are indications of dehydration?

Which of the following buffers works the fastest (in minutes to hours)?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity Including Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Including Hypersensitivies

Infection Including Hivaids

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer

Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Disorders of Neurologic Function

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations in Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Filters

What initiates the formation of ammonium (NH₄)from ammonia (NH₃)in the tubular lumen of the kidney?

MATCHING Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. ) -Inversely related to HCO₃ concentration

A patient has a long history of smoking.He has blood studies done because he is very tired,is short of breath,and just does not feel well.His blood gases reveal the following findings: pH,7.3;HCO₃ 27 mEq/L;CO₂,58 mmHg.What is the interpretation of these gases?