Question 1

Hyperpituitarism is generally caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  a pituitary adenomA. 
B)  hypothalamic hyposecretion. 
C)  autoimmune disorder of the pituitary. 
D)  a neurohypophysial tumor. 
A)  a pituitary adenomA. 
B)  hypothalamic hyposecretion. 
C)  autoimmune disorder of the pituitary. 
D)  a neurohypophysial tumor.

Question 2

Why does retinopathy develop in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because there are plaques of lipids within the retinal vessels 
B)  Because of an increased pressure within the retinal vessels from the increased osmotic pressure 
C)  Because ketones cause microaneurysms within the retinal vessels 
D)  Because of increased retinal capillary permeability and microaneurysm formation 
A)  Because there are plaques of lipids within the retinal vessels 
B)  Because of an increased pressure within the retinal vessels from the increased osmotic pressure 
C)  Because ketones cause microaneurysms within the retinal vessels 
D)  Because of increased retinal capillary permeability and microaneurysm formation

Question 3

Diagnosing thyroid carcinoma is best done with:

Accepted Answer

A)  measurement of serum thyroid levels. 
B)  radioisotope scanning. 
C)  ultrasonography. 
D)  fine-needle aspiration biopsy. 
A)  measurement of serum thyroid levels. 
B)  radioisotope scanning. 
C)  ultrasonography. 
D)  fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

Question 4

MATCHING
Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
-Hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Accepted Answer

A) Acromegaly 
B) Cushing disease 
C) Addison disease 
D) Graves' disease 
E) Myxedema
F)Pheochromocytoma 
A) Acromegaly 
B) Cushing disease 
C) Addison disease 
D) Graves' disease 
E) Myxedema
F)Pheochromocytoma

Question 5

What are the effects of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Solute retention and water retention 
B)  Solute retention and water loss 
C)  Solute dilution and water retention 
D)  Solute dilution and water loss 
A)  Solute retention and water retention 
B)  Solute retention and water loss 
C)  Solute dilution and water retention 
D)  Solute dilution and water loss

Question 6

How does Graves' disease develop?

Accepted Answer

A)  A viral infection of the thyroid gland that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones 
B)  A chronic autoimmune process in which thyroid tissue is replaced by lymphocytes and fibrous tissue 
C)  A development of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones 
D)  An ingestion of goitrogens or foods that inhibits synthesis of the thyroid hormones,causing a goiter 
A)  A viral infection of the thyroid gland that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones 
B)  A chronic autoimmune process in which thyroid tissue is replaced by lymphocytes and fibrous tissue 
C)  A development of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones 
D)  An ingestion of goitrogens or foods that inhibits synthesis of the thyroid hormones,causing a goiter

Question 7

Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is seen in:

Accepted Answer

A)  the Somogyi effect. 
B)  the dawn phenomenon. 
C)  diabetic ketoacidosis (DK
A) . 
D)  hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketosis syndrome (HHNKS). 
A)  the Somogyi effect. 
B)  the dawn phenomenon. 
C)  diabetic ketoacidosis (DK
A) . 
D)  hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketosis syndrome (HHNKS).

Question 8

Thyroid carcinoma,although rare,is the most common endocrine malignancy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

What are signs of thyroid crisis from Graves' disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Weight gain to 155 lb with height of 5'8" 
B)  Heart rate 90 beats/min and respiratory rate 16 breaths/min 
C)  Hot and moist skin with protrusion of eyeballs 
D)  Constipation and amenorrhea 
A)  Weight gain to 155 lb with height of 5'8" 
B)  Heart rate 90 beats/min and respiratory rate 16 breaths/min 
C)  Hot and moist skin with protrusion of eyeballs 
D)  Constipation and amenorrhea

Question 10

What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Intolerance to heat,tachycardia,and weight loss 
B)  Oligomenorrhea,fatigue,and warm skin 
C)  Restlessness,increased appetite,and metrorrhagia 
D)  Constipation,decreased heat rate,and lethargy 
A)  Intolerance to heat,tachycardia,and weight loss 
B)  Oligomenorrhea,fatigue,and warm skin 
C)  Restlessness,increased appetite,and metrorrhagia 
D)  Constipation,decreased heat rate,and lethargy

Question 11

An adult female had a thyroidectomy this morning.She develops muscle spasms,increased deep tendon reflexes,and laryngeal spasm.What is the most common cause of these findings?

Accepted Answer

A)  Calcium deficit due to reduced parathormone 
B)  Overuse of radioactive iodine given pre-operatively 
C)  A history of insufficient dietary intake of iodine 
D)  An increase in serum phosphorous caused by reduced calcitonin 
A)  Calcium deficit due to reduced parathormone 
B)  Overuse of radioactive iodine given pre-operatively 
C)  A history of insufficient dietary intake of iodine 
D)  An increase in serum phosphorous caused by reduced calcitonin

Question 12

What tumor causes amenorrhea,galactorrhea,hirsutism,and osteopenia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Posterior pituitary adenoma 
B)  Thymoma 
C)  Prolactinoma 
D)  Growth hormone adenoma 
A)  Posterior pituitary adenoma 
B)  Thymoma 
C)  Prolactinoma 
D)  Growth hormone adenoma

Question 13

The type of diabetes insipidus that is most likely to be treatable with exogenous ADH is:

Accepted Answer

A)  neurogenic. 
B)  psychogenic 
C)  nephrogenic. 
D)  ischemic. 
A)  neurogenic. 
B)  psychogenic 
C)  nephrogenic. 
D)  ischemic.

Question 14

How does a primary adenoma cause thyroid and adrenal hypofunction?

Accepted Answer

A)  The tumor metastasizes to the thyroid and adrenal glands through the lymphatic system causing reduce secretion of necessary hormones. 
B)  The tumor has a paradoxical effect on adjacent cells,which results in hyposecretion of other anterior pituitary hormones. 
C)  The tumor invades the hypothalamus adjacent to it and causes a reduction in the amount of hormones produced. 
D)  The tumor releases tumor markers that occupy the hormone receptor sites of other endocrine organs. 
A)  The tumor metastasizes to the thyroid and adrenal glands through the lymphatic system causing reduce secretion of necessary hormones. 
B)  The tumor has a paradoxical effect on adjacent cells,which results in hyposecretion of other anterior pituitary hormones. 
C)  The tumor invades the hypothalamus adjacent to it and causes a reduction in the amount of hormones produced. 
D)  The tumor releases tumor markers that occupy the hormone receptor sites of other endocrine organs.

Question 15

MATCHING
Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
-Hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH)

Accepted Answer

A) Acromegaly 
B) Cushing disease 
C) Addison disease 
D) Graves' disease 
E) Myxedema
F)Pheochromocytoma 
A) Acromegaly 
B) Cushing disease 
C) Addison disease 
D) Graves' disease 
E) Myxedema
F)Pheochromocytoma

Question 16

Diabetes insipidus results from:

Accepted Answer

A)  antidiuretic hormone (ADH)hyposecretion. 
B)  antidiuretic hormone (ADH)hypersecretion. 
C)  insulin hyposecretion. 
D)  insulin hypersecretion. 
A)  antidiuretic hormone (ADH)hyposecretion. 
B)  antidiuretic hormone (ADH)hypersecretion. 
C)  insulin hyposecretion. 
D)  insulin hypersecretion.

Question 17

Which clinical finding occurs first in metabolic acidosis of the patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ketones in the urine 
B)  Palpitations,anxiety,and confusion 
C)  Hyperlipidemia 
D)  Kussmaul respirations 
A)  Ketones in the urine 
B)  Palpitations,anxiety,and confusion 
C)  Hyperlipidemia 
D)  Kussmaul respirations

Question 18

Which laboratory value is consistent with diabetes insipidus (DI)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Urine specific gravity is low. 
B)  Serum sodium is low. 
C)  Urine protein is low. 
D)  Serum total protein is low. 
A)  Urine specific gravity is low. 
B)  Serum sodium is low. 
C)  Urine protein is low. 
D)  Serum total protein is low.

Question 19

A male patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)has the following laboratory values: arterial pH 7.20;serum glucose 500 mg/dl;urine glucose and ketones positive;serum K+ 2 mEq/L;serum Na+ 130 mEq/L.He reports that he has been sick with the "flu" for 1 week.What relationship do these values have to his insulin deficiency?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased glucose use causes the shift of fluid from the intravascular to the intracellular space. 
B)  Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use,ketogenesis,metabolic acidosis,and osmotic diuresis. 
C)  Increased glucose and fatty acids stimulate renal diuresis,electrolyte loss,and metabolic alkalosis. 
D)  Decreased glucose use results in protein catabolism,tissue wasting,respiratory acidosis,and electrolyte loss. 
A)  Increased glucose use causes the shift of fluid from the intravascular to the intracellular space. 
B)  Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use,ketogenesis,metabolic acidosis,and osmotic diuresis. 
C)  Increased glucose and fatty acids stimulate renal diuresis,electrolyte loss,and metabolic alkalosis. 
D)  Decreased glucose use results in protein catabolism,tissue wasting,respiratory acidosis,and electrolyte loss.

Question 20

Why does giantism only occur in children and adolescents?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because they have not reached puberty when the effects of growth hormone are diminished 
B)  Because their epiphyseal plates have not yet closed 
C)  Because their skeletal muscles are not fully developed 
D)  Because their metabolic rates are higher than they are in adulthood 
A)  Because they have not reached puberty when the effects of growth hormone are diminished 
B)  Because their epiphyseal plates have not yet closed 
C)  Because their skeletal muscles are not fully developed 
D)  Because their metabolic rates are higher than they are in adulthood

Exam 21: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Hyperpituitarism is generally caused by:

Why does retinopathy develop in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Diagnosing thyroid carcinoma is best done with:

MATCHING Match the phrases with the corresponding terms. -Hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What are the effects of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?

How does Graves' disease develop?

Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is seen in:

Thyroid carcinoma,although rare,is the most common endocrine malignancy.

What are signs of thyroid crisis from Graves' disease?

What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?

An adult female had a thyroidectomy this morning.She develops muscle spasms,increased deep tendon reflexes,and laryngeal spasm.What is the most common cause of these findings?

What tumor causes amenorrhea,galactorrhea,hirsutism,and osteopenia?

The type of diabetes insipidus that is most likely to be treatable with exogenous ADH is:

How does a primary adenoma cause thyroid and adrenal hypofunction?

MATCHING Match the phrases with the corresponding terms. -Hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH)

Diabetes insipidus results from:

Which clinical finding occurs first in metabolic acidosis of the patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Which laboratory value is consistent with diabetes insipidus (DI)?

Why does giantism only occur in children and adolescents?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity Including Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Including Hypersensitivies

Infection Including Hivaids

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer

Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Disorders of Neurologic Function

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations in Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

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