Question 1

Explain how environmental cues can: (1) contribute to the development of tolerance, and (2) act as secondary reinforcers to strengthen drug-taking behavior and cause relapse.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how environmental cues can: (1) contribute...

Question 2

Which statement about pure opiate antagonists is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They include drugs like naloxone and nalorphine. 
B)  They are important in understanding the action of narcotic analgesics. 
C)  They can reverse the effects of an opiate overdose in approximately two hours. 
D)  They have structures similar to opiates but produce no activity at the receptor. 
A)  They include drugs like naloxone and nalorphine. 
B)  They are important in understanding the action of narcotic analgesics. 
C)  They can reverse the effects of an opiate overdose in approximately two hours. 
D)  They have structures similar to opiates but produce no activity at the receptor.

Question 3

Which statement about the effects of opiates on synaptic transmission is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They act on receptors that are coupled to G proteins that open potassium channels, close calcium channels, and inhibit adenylyl cyclase. 
B)  They affect presynaptic autoreceptors and reduce the amount of transmitter released. 
C)  They cause postsynaptic depolarization by opening potassium channels. 
D)  They cause less transmitter to be released via axoaxonic inhibition. 
A)  They act on receptors that are coupled to G proteins that open potassium channels, close calcium channels, and inhibit adenylyl cyclase. 
B)  They affect presynaptic autoreceptors and reduce the amount of transmitter released. 
C)  They cause postsynaptic depolarization by opening potassium channels. 
D)  They cause less transmitter to be released via axoaxonic inhibition.

Question 4

Pain transmission in the spinal cord can be blocked by

Accepted Answer

A)  the action of inhibitory spinal interneurons that release endorphins. 
B)  deactivating descending pathways from the forebrain that enhance the pain pathway. 
C)  turning off ascending pathways that activate endorphin interneurons. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  the action of inhibitory spinal interneurons that release endorphins. 
B)  deactivating descending pathways from the forebrain that enhance the pain pathway. 
C)  turning off ascending pathways that activate endorphin interneurons. 
D)  All of the above

Question 5

Identify the four different types of opiate receptors and the endogenous ligands that show a relative preference for the receptor. List three potential roles for each.

Accepted Answer

Endomorphins and endorphins show a relat

Question 6

Postsynaptic inhibition by endorphins is caused by _______ of _______ channels.

Accepted Answer

A)  opening; chloride 
B)  opening; potassium 
C)  closing; calcium 
D)  closing; potassium 
A)  opening; chloride 
B)  opening; potassium 
C)  closing; calcium 
D)  closing; potassium

Question 7

Describe the basic ways that opioids can inhibit or reduce the transmission of pain at spinal levels. Where do some of these inhibitory pathways originate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the basic ways that opioids can...

Question 8

The opiate withdrawal or abstinence syndrome

Accepted Answer

A)  can be explained as a form of rebound CNS hyperactivity. 
B)  is considered to be a life-threatening condition. 
C)  involves intense inhibitory opiate action at all receptors. 
D)  lasts for about 48 hours; the user is then considered detoxified. 
A)  can be explained as a form of rebound CNS hyperactivity. 
B)  is considered to be a life-threatening condition. 
C)  involves intense inhibitory opiate action at all receptors. 
D)  lasts for about 48 hours; the user is then considered detoxified.

Question 9

"First" or early pain

Accepted Answer

A)  typically triggers withdrawal and escape responses. 
B)  provides information about the unpleasantness of the painful sensation. 
C)  is transmitted by neural pathways to the limbic system. 
D)  is often accompanied by autonomic responses, such as nausea. 
A)  typically triggers withdrawal and escape responses. 
B)  provides information about the unpleasantness of the painful sensation. 
C)  is transmitted by neural pathways to the limbic system. 
D)  is often accompanied by autonomic responses, such as nausea.

Question 10

The opioid propeptides

Accepted Answer

A)  are made in the terminal button and cleaved by enzymes into the opiate peptides. 
B)  are processed by proteases into both opiate and non-opioid peptides. 
C)  are referred to as the "enkephalins." 
D)  include the endorphins and the endomorphins. 
A)  are made in the terminal button and cleaved by enzymes into the opiate peptides. 
B)  are processed by proteases into both opiate and non-opioid peptides. 
C)  are referred to as the "enkephalins." 
D)  include the endorphins and the endomorphins.

Question 11

What was the view toward opiates in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individual states had begun to exert tight controls over access to opiates. 
B)  The federal government passed the Harrison Narcotics Act in 1886, essentially controlling all opiate transactions. 
C)  There was very little concern about safety, addiction, or health issues related to opiate use. 
D)  Physicians had to report their prescriptions for opiates to the government, but there was no general concern. 
A)  Individual states had begun to exert tight controls over access to opiates. 
B)  The federal government passed the Harrison Narcotics Act in 1886, essentially controlling all opiate transactions. 
C)  There was very little concern about safety, addiction, or health issues related to opiate use. 
D)  Physicians had to report their prescriptions for opiates to the government, but there was no general concern.

Explain how environmental cues can: (1) contribute to the development of tolerance, and (2) act as secondary reinforcers to strengthen drug-taking behavior and cause relapse.

Which statement about pure opiate antagonists is false?

Which statement about the effects of opiates on synaptic transmission is false?

Pain transmission in the spinal cord can be blocked by

Identify the four different types of opiate receptors and the endogenous ligands that show a relative preference for the receptor. List three potential roles for each.

Postsynaptic inhibition by endorphins is caused by _ of _ channels.

Describe the basic ways that opioids can inhibit or reduce the transmission of pain at spinal levels. Where do some of these inhibitory pathways originate?

The opiate withdrawal or abstinence syndrome

"First" or early pain

The opioid propeptides

What was the view toward opiates in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 11: The Opioids

Explain how environmental cues can: (1) contribute to the development of tolerance, and (2) act as secondary reinforcers to strengthen drug-taking behavior and cause relapse.

Which statement about pure opiate antagonists is false?

Which statement about the effects of opiates on synaptic transmission is false?

Pain transmission in the spinal cord can be blocked by

Identify the four different types of opiate receptors and the endogenous ligands that show a relative preference for the receptor. List three potential roles for each.

Postsynaptic inhibition by endorphins is caused by _______ of _______ channels.

Describe the basic ways that opioids can inhibit or reduce the transmission of pain at spinal levels. Where do some of these inhibitory pathways originate?

The opiate withdrawal or abstinence syndrome

"First" or early pain

The opioid propeptides

What was the view toward opiates in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Postsynaptic inhibition by endorphins is caused by _ of _ channels.