Question 1

Describe the basic components of Himmelsbach's model of tolerance and withdrawal and provide physiological evidence that supports his ideas.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the basic components of Himmelsbach's model...

Question 2

Cite evidence showing that dopamine plays a key role in the reinforcing value of opiates. Identify two dopamine brain areas that are particularly important in this role. Researchers have recently proposed that dopamine is not required for this rewarding effect. Explain this statement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cite evidence showing that dopamine plays a...

Question 3

_______ is the natural ligand for the  $\delta$-receptor.

Accepted Answer

A)  Dynorphin 
B)  Nociceptin/orphanin FQ 
C)  Endorphin 
D)  Enkephalin 
A)  Dynorphin 
B)  Nociceptin/orphanin FQ 
C)  Endorphin 
D)  Enkephalin

Question 4

What is the rationale for the development of dual µ-receptor/NOP-R agonists? What research findings suggest these agents have clinical potential as analgesics?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the rationale for the development...

Question 5

Describe the more recent buprenorphine treatments for opioid withdrawal. What are the advantages of these newer types of treatments?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the more recent buprenorphine treatments for...

Question 6

How do the different constitutive states of the µ-receptor affect different pain signaling pathways, specifically the beta arrestin protein signaling pathway and G-protein mediated signaling? What were the results of studies on these pain signaling pathways in mice and humans?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do the different constitutive states of...

Question 7

How has MEG technology helped to distinguish between fast and slow pain systems?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How has MEG technology helped to distinguish...

Question 8

Which preparation was initially used to study the effects of pharmacological agents on the opiate receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  Guinea pig ileum 
B)  Spinal cord preparation 
C)  Cortical slice 
D)  Hippocampal slice 
A)  Guinea pig ileum 
B)  Spinal cord preparation 
C)  Cortical slice 
D)  Hippocampal slice

Question 9

Which statement about the history of opium is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It has a long history of recreational use. 
B)  It was once a popular remedy for women in the form of IV heroin. 
C)  It did not have wide use until synthetic forms were produced. 
D)  It was historically restricted to medicinal use, not used recreationally. 
A)  It has a long history of recreational use. 
B)  It was once a popular remedy for women in the form of IV heroin. 
C)  It did not have wide use until synthetic forms were produced. 
D)  It was historically restricted to medicinal use, not used recreationally.

Question 10

Since 1999, overdose deaths involving opioids have increased by more than _______, with the majority of this increase due to deaths related to _______ use.

Accepted Answer

A)  two-fold; codeine 
B)  four-fold; oxycontin 
C)  six-fold; fentanyl 
D)  eight-fold; heroin 
A)  two-fold; codeine 
B)  four-fold; oxycontin 
C)  six-fold; fentanyl 
D)  eight-fold; heroin

Question 11

Which statement about pain perception and opiate action at supraspinal levels is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  This aspect of pain is often referred to as the affective component of pain. 
B)  Pain reduction at supraspinal levels is primarily mediated by δ-receptors. 
C)  Endocrine and autonomic responses to pain are controlled from these levels. 
D)  PET scans show a negative correlation between μ-receptor activation in several limbic structures and emotional pain scores. 
A)  This aspect of pain is often referred to as the affective component of pain. 
B)  Pain reduction at supraspinal levels is primarily mediated by δ-receptors. 
C)  Endocrine and autonomic responses to pain are controlled from these levels. 
D)  PET scans show a negative correlation between μ-receptor activation in several limbic structures and emotional pain scores.

Question 12

Which of the following is not an advantage of buprenorphine maintenance compared to methadone maintenance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Buprenorphine's shorter duration of action reduces the chance of overdose. 
B)  Buprenorphine can be administered with subcutaneous implants. 
C)  Buprenorphine does not require daily clinic visits. 
D)  Neonatal abstinence syndrome is milder in buprenorphine withdrawal. 
A)  Buprenorphine's shorter duration of action reduces the chance of overdose. 
B)  Buprenorphine can be administered with subcutaneous implants. 
C)  Buprenorphine does not require daily clinic visits. 
D)  Neonatal abstinence syndrome is milder in buprenorphine withdrawal.

Question 13

A model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by inhibiting _______ neurons.

Accepted Answer

A)  dopamine 
B)  GABA 
C)  dynorphin 
D)  β-endorphin 
A)  dopamine 
B)  GABA 
C)  dynorphin 
D)  β-endorphin

Question 14

Distinguish between naturally occurring opiates, synthetic opiates, semisynthetic opiates, and endogenous opioids. Provide examples of each.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Distinguish between naturally occurring opiates, synthetic opiates,...

Question 15

Both "early" and "late" pain are associated with neural activity in the

Accepted Answer

A)  primary somatosensory cortex. 
B)  anterior cingulate cortex. 
C)  amygdala. 
D)  secondary somatosensory cortex. 
A)  primary somatosensory cortex. 
B)  anterior cingulate cortex. 
C)  amygdala. 
D)  secondary somatosensory cortex.

Question 16

Treatment programs for people addicted to opiates

Accepted Answer

A)  have shown that unassisted detoxification, or going "cold turkey," is a very effective method. 
B)  sometimes employ the opiate antagonist buprenorphine. 
C)  typically use methadone maintenance strategies. 
D)  have recently incorporated the use of clonidine for blocking the opiate receptors in people with serious addiction. 
A)  have shown that unassisted detoxification, or going "cold turkey," is a very effective method. 
B)  sometimes employ the opiate antagonist buprenorphine. 
C)  typically use methadone maintenance strategies. 
D)  have recently incorporated the use of clonidine for blocking the opiate receptors in people with serious addiction.

Question 17

Nociceptors detect

Accepted Answer

A)  intense pressure. 
B)  extreme temperature. 
C)  chemical irritants. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  intense pressure. 
B)  extreme temperature. 
C)  chemical irritants. 
D)  All of the above

Question 18

Which drug would be considered a partial agonist?

Accepted Answer

A)  Codeine 
B)  Pentazocine 
C)  Methadone 
D)  Hydromorphone 
A)  Codeine 
B)  Pentazocine 
C)  Methadone 
D)  Hydromorphone

Question 19

Some researchers believe that opiates exert their effects on reinforcement by affecting cell bodies in the _______ that release _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleus accumbens; GABA 
B)  nucleus accumbens; dopamine 
C)  VTA; GABA 
D)  VTA; dopamine 
A)  nucleus accumbens; GABA 
B)  nucleus accumbens; dopamine 
C)  VTA; GABA 
D)  VTA; dopamine

Question 20

The naturally occurring opiates include

Accepted Answer

A)  heroin, hydromorphone, and oxycodone. 
B)  heroin, fentanyl, and methadone 
C)  pentazocine, meperidine, and buprenorphine. 
D)  thebaine, codeine, and heroin. 
A)  heroin, hydromorphone, and oxycodone. 
B)  heroin, fentanyl, and methadone 
C)  pentazocine, meperidine, and buprenorphine. 
D)  thebaine, codeine, and heroin.

Describe the basic components of Himmelsbach's model of tolerance and withdrawal and provide physiological evidence that supports his ideas.

Cite evidence showing that dopamine plays a key role in the reinforcing value of opiates. Identify two dopamine brain areas that are particularly important in this role. Researchers have recently proposed that dopamine is not required for this rewarding effect. Explain this statement.

_______ is the natural ligand for the $\delta$ -receptor.

What is the rationale for the development of dual µ-receptor/NOP-R agonists? What research findings suggest these agents have clinical potential as analgesics?

Describe the more recent buprenorphine treatments for opioid withdrawal. What are the advantages of these newer types of treatments?

How do the different constitutive states of the µ-receptor affect different pain signaling pathways, specifically the beta arrestin protein signaling pathway and G-protein mediated signaling? What were the results of studies on these pain signaling pathways in mice and humans?

How has MEG technology helped to distinguish between fast and slow pain systems?

Which preparation was initially used to study the effects of pharmacological agents on the opiate receptor?

Which statement about the history of opium is true?

Since 1999, overdose deaths involving opioids have increased by more than _, with the majority of this increase due to deaths related to _ use.

Which statement about pain perception and opiate action at supraspinal levels is false?

Which of the following is not an advantage of buprenorphine maintenance compared to methadone maintenance?

A model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by inhibiting _______ neurons.

Distinguish between naturally occurring opiates, synthetic opiates, semisynthetic opiates, and endogenous opioids. Provide examples of each.

Both "early" and "late" pain are associated with neural activity in the

Treatment programs for people addicted to opiates

Nociceptors detect

Which drug would be considered a partial agonist?

Some researchers believe that opiates exert their effects on reinforcement by affecting cell bodies in the _ that release _.

The naturally occurring opiates include

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 11: The Opioids

Describe the basic components of Himmelsbach's model of tolerance and withdrawal and provide physiological evidence that supports his ideas.

Cite evidence showing that dopamine plays a key role in the reinforcing value of opiates. Identify two dopamine brain areas that are particularly important in this role. Researchers have recently proposed that dopamine is not required for this rewarding effect. Explain this statement.

_______ is the natural ligand for the δ\deltaδ -receptor.

What is the rationale for the development of dual µ-receptor/NOP-R agonists? What research findings suggest these agents have clinical potential as analgesics?

Describe the more recent buprenorphine treatments for opioid withdrawal. What are the advantages of these newer types of treatments?

How do the different constitutive states of the µ-receptor affect different pain signaling pathways, specifically the beta arrestin protein signaling pathway and G-protein mediated signaling? What were the results of studies on these pain signaling pathways in mice and humans?

How has MEG technology helped to distinguish between fast and slow pain systems?

Which preparation was initially used to study the effects of pharmacological agents on the opiate receptor?

Which statement about the history of opium is true?

Since 1999, overdose deaths involving opioids have increased by more than _______, with the majority of this increase due to deaths related to _______ use.

Which statement about pain perception and opiate action at supraspinal levels is false?

Which of the following is not an advantage of buprenorphine maintenance compared to methadone maintenance?

A model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by inhibiting _______ neurons.

Distinguish between naturally occurring opiates, synthetic opiates, semisynthetic opiates, and endogenous opioids. Provide examples of each.

Both "early" and "late" pain are associated with neural activity in the

Treatment programs for people addicted to opiates

Nociceptors detect

Which drug would be considered a partial agonist?

Some researchers believe that opiates exert their effects on reinforcement by affecting cell bodies in the _______ that release _______.

The naturally occurring opiates include

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

_______ is the natural ligand for the $\delta$ -receptor.

Since 1999, overdose deaths involving opioids have increased by more than _, with the majority of this increase due to deaths related to _ use.

Some researchers believe that opiates exert their effects on reinforcement by affecting cell bodies in the _ that release _.