Question 1

The μ-receptor

Accepted Answer

A)  has been linked to hallucinations and dysphoria. 
B)  overlaps with the κ-receptor in its distribution in the nervous system. 
C)  is found in the hypothalamus and pituitary. 
D)  plays a role in analgesia and the rewarding effects of morphine. 
A)  has been linked to hallucinations and dysphoria. 
B)  overlaps with the κ-receptor in its distribution in the nervous system. 
C)  is found in the hypothalamus and pituitary. 
D)  plays a role in analgesia and the rewarding effects of morphine. D

Question 2

What is a major advantage of administering buprenorphine via the liquid depot injection method?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is quicker-acting compared to other methods. 
B)  It provides a sustained blood levels of the drug, thereby reducing sudden cravings. 
C)  It produces a level of euphoria similar to the effect of opioids. 
D)  Its side effects diminish with repeated use. 
A)  It is quicker-acting compared to other methods. 
B)  It provides a sustained blood levels of the drug, thereby reducing sudden cravings. 
C)  It produces a level of euphoria similar to the effect of opioids. 
D)  Its side effects diminish with repeated use. B

Question 3

Provide evidence to show that the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture is dependent on opioids. Which opioid peptide is responsible?

Accepted Answer

Electroacupuncture-induced analgesia can be prevented by pretreatment with naloxone. A ?-receptor antagonist prevents analgesia induced by 100-Hz electroacupuncture but not that induced by 2 Hz. Also, 100-Hz acupuncture shows cross-tolerance to ?-agonists but not  $\delta$-agonists, and increases levels of dynorphin. In contrast, a  $\delta$-antagonist blocked analgesia following 2-Hz but not 100-Hz acupuncture. Also, 2-Hz stimulation showed cross-tolerance with  $\delta$- but not ?-agonists, and it raised levels of proenkephalin.

Question 4

Which brain area has not been implicated in the opiate withdrawal syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A)  PAG 
B)  NAcc 
C)  Frontal cortex 
D)  Locus coeruleus 
A)  PAG 
B)  NAcc 
C)  Frontal cortex 
D)  Locus coeruleus

Question 5

Electrical stimulation of the PAG

Accepted Answer

A)  produces changes in sensations of touch and pressure. 
B)  produces a type of analgesia that is not blocked by naloxone. 
C)  activates dopamine cells in the medulla, which in turn inhibit spinal cord pain transmission. 
D)  most likely releases endogenous opiates that act on μ- and κ-receptors. 
A)  produces changes in sensations of touch and pressure. 
B)  produces a type of analgesia that is not blocked by naloxone. 
C)  activates dopamine cells in the medulla, which in turn inhibit spinal cord pain transmission. 
D)  most likely releases endogenous opiates that act on μ- and κ-receptors.

Question 6

What do we know about the structure of the opiate receptors from receptor cloning studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each receptor has between 650 and 700 amino acids. 
B)  The receptors appear to be metabotropic. 
C)  Each receptor has 12 transmembrane proteins. 
D)  Each receptor will bind to the same ligands in the same way. 
A)  Each receptor has between 650 and 700 amino acids. 
B)  The receptors appear to be metabotropic. 
C)  Each receptor has 12 transmembrane proteins. 
D)  Each receptor will bind to the same ligands in the same way.

Question 7

Describe the three basic ways that endorphins can exert inhibitory effects on synaptic transmission.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the three basic ways that endorphins...

Question 8

The benefit of narcotic analgesics is that they

Accepted Answer

A)  are not highly addictive. 
B)  are not associated with as many side effects as other classes of analgesic drugs. 
C)  effectively reduce pain without causing unconsciousness. 
D)  effectively reduce pain by suppressing CNS functioning. 
A)  are not highly addictive. 
B)  are not associated with as many side effects as other classes of analgesic drugs. 
C)  effectively reduce pain without causing unconsciousness. 
D)  effectively reduce pain by suppressing CNS functioning.

Question 9

Which factor does not increase the risk of opioid misuse?

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychosocial stress 
B)  Older age 
C)  Genetic variant 
D)  Chronic pain condition 
A)  Psychosocial stress 
B)  Older age 
C)  Genetic variant 
D)  Chronic pain condition

Question 10

One common effect of increasing opiate dose is

Accepted Answer

A)  euphoria. 
B)  elevated respiration rate. 
C)  increased sex drive. 
D)  increased awareness of one's surroundings. 
A)  euphoria. 
B)  elevated respiration rate. 
C)  increased sex drive. 
D)  increased awareness of one's surroundings.

Question 11

Heroin is

Accepted Answer

A)  converted to morphine in the brain. 
B)  less lipid-soluble than morphine. 
C)  a partial agonist at the opiate receptor. 
D)  more potent than morphine if taken by mouth. 
A)  converted to morphine in the brain. 
B)  less lipid-soluble than morphine. 
C)  a partial agonist at the opiate receptor. 
D)  more potent than morphine if taken by mouth.

Question 12

Which finding provides evidence that opioid drugs enhance the brain reward system in animal models?

Accepted Answer

A)  Administration of opioids lowers the electrical current threshold for self-stimulation. 
B)  Administration of opioids raises the electrical current threshold for self-stimulation. 
C)  Animals self-administer opioids at increasing levels over time. 
D)  Animals self-administer opioids at decreasing levels over time. 
A)  Administration of opioids lowers the electrical current threshold for self-stimulation. 
B)  Administration of opioids raises the electrical current threshold for self-stimulation. 
C)  Animals self-administer opioids at increasing levels over time. 
D)  Animals self-administer opioids at decreasing levels over time.

Question 13

Opiate drugs used medically are usually administered

Accepted Answer

A)  orally, by IV, or by epidural or intrathecal routes. 
B)  via inhalation or smoking. 
C)  intranasally (snorting) or patches. 
D)  via subcutaneous injection. 
A)  orally, by IV, or by epidural or intrathecal routes. 
B)  via inhalation or smoking. 
C)  intranasally (snorting) or patches. 
D)  via subcutaneous injection.

Question 14

One study using higher spatial resolution magnetoencephalography (MEG) showed that painful stimuli applied to adjacent parts of the body approximately corresponded to activation of adjacent regions on _______ cortex but did not correspond to _______ cortex.

Accepted Answer

A)  somatosensory; primary somatosensory 
B)  somatosensory; secondary somatosensory 
C)  cerebral; primary somatosensory 
D)  cerebral; secondary somatosensory 
A)  somatosensory; primary somatosensory 
B)  somatosensory; secondary somatosensory 
C)  cerebral; primary somatosensory 
D)  cerebral; secondary somatosensory

Question 15

Peripherally acting opiate drugs have a specific therapeutic use that is also an unfortunate side effect of some opiate medications/drugs. Which of the following is this therapeutic use/side effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reduction in saliva 
B)  Slowing of gastrointestinal function/motility 
C)  Decrease in body temperature 
D)  Decrease in appetite 
A)  Reduction in saliva 
B)  Slowing of gastrointestinal function/motility 
C)  Decrease in body temperature 
D)  Decrease in appetite

Question 16

What type of pain is modulated at supraspinal levels? Identify the brain areas that are involved in opiate modulation of pain at the supraspinal level.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of pain is modulated at...

Question 17

The effects of analgesics on pain are difficult to study because

Accepted Answer

A)  it is impossible to obtain subjective reports of pain. 
B)  most analgesics show ineffective or inconsistent analgesic effects. 
C)  ethical guidelines prohibit the application of painful stimuli to animals. 
D)  the high emotional impact of the pain elicited in a laboratory. 
A)  it is impossible to obtain subjective reports of pain. 
B)  most analgesics show ineffective or inconsistent analgesic effects. 
C)  ethical guidelines prohibit the application of painful stimuli to animals. 
D)  the high emotional impact of the pain elicited in a laboratory.

Question 18

Tolerance to opiate effects

Accepted Answer

A)  is primarily due to increased rate of metabolism. 
B)  develops quite gradually over time. 
C)  is not specific to a given receptor type. 
D)  occurs rapidly for analgesic effects and slowly for constipating effects. 
A)  is primarily due to increased rate of metabolism. 
B)  develops quite gradually over time. 
C)  is not specific to a given receptor type. 
D)  occurs rapidly for analgesic effects and slowly for constipating effects.

Question 19

For someone addicted to opiates, what are the advantages of buprenorphine maintenance compared to methadone?

Accepted Answer

The answer of For someone addicted to opiates, what are...

Question 20

Distinguish between "first" and "second" pain in terms of the nature of pain information being transmitted, the speed of the transmission, and the neural pathways activated.

Accepted Answer

First pain signals the immediate sensory

The μ-receptor

What is a major advantage of administering buprenorphine via the liquid depot injection method?

Provide evidence to show that the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture is dependent on opioids. Which opioid peptide is responsible?

Which brain area has not been implicated in the opiate withdrawal syndrome?

Electrical stimulation of the PAG

What do we know about the structure of the opiate receptors from receptor cloning studies?

Describe the three basic ways that endorphins can exert inhibitory effects on synaptic transmission.

The benefit of narcotic analgesics is that they

Which factor does not increase the risk of opioid misuse?

One common effect of increasing opiate dose is

Heroin is

Which finding provides evidence that opioid drugs enhance the brain reward system in animal models?

Opiate drugs used medically are usually administered

One study using higher spatial resolution magnetoencephalography (MEG) showed that painful stimuli applied to adjacent parts of the body approximately corresponded to activation of adjacent regions on _ cortex but did not correspond to _ cortex.

Peripherally acting opiate drugs have a specific therapeutic use that is also an unfortunate side effect of some opiate medications/drugs. Which of the following is this therapeutic use/side effect?

What type of pain is modulated at supraspinal levels? Identify the brain areas that are involved in opiate modulation of pain at the supraspinal level.

The effects of analgesics on pain are difficult to study because

Tolerance to opiate effects

For someone addicted to opiates, what are the advantages of buprenorphine maintenance compared to methadone?

Distinguish between "first" and "second" pain in terms of the nature of pain information being transmitted, the speed of the transmission, and the neural pathways activated.

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 11: The Opioids

The μ-receptor

What is a major advantage of administering buprenorphine via the liquid depot injection method?

Provide evidence to show that the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture is dependent on opioids. Which opioid peptide is responsible?

Which brain area has not been implicated in the opiate withdrawal syndrome?

Electrical stimulation of the PAG

What do we know about the structure of the opiate receptors from receptor cloning studies?

Describe the three basic ways that endorphins can exert inhibitory effects on synaptic transmission.

The benefit of narcotic analgesics is that they

Which factor does not increase the risk of opioid misuse?

One common effect of increasing opiate dose is

Heroin is

Which finding provides evidence that opioid drugs enhance the brain reward system in animal models?

Opiate drugs used medically are usually administered

One study using higher spatial resolution magnetoencephalography (MEG) showed that painful stimuli applied to adjacent parts of the body approximately corresponded to activation of adjacent regions on _______ cortex but did not correspond to _______ cortex.

Peripherally acting opiate drugs have a specific therapeutic use that is also an unfortunate side effect of some opiate medications/drugs. Which of the following is this therapeutic use/side effect?

What type of pain is modulated at supraspinal levels? Identify the brain areas that are involved in opiate modulation of pain at the supraspinal level.

The effects of analgesics on pain are difficult to study because

Tolerance to opiate effects

For someone addicted to opiates, what are the advantages of buprenorphine maintenance compared to methadone?

Distinguish between "first" and "second" pain in terms of the nature of pain information being transmitted, the speed of the transmission, and the neural pathways activated.

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

One study using higher spatial resolution magnetoencephalography (MEG) showed that painful stimuli applied to adjacent parts of the body approximately corresponded to activation of adjacent regions on _ cortex but did not correspond to _ cortex.