Question 1

Hypertension and _______ can be treated with β-receptor antagonists.

Accepted Answer

A)  depression 
B)  drug addiction 
C)  asthma 
D)  anxiety 
A)  depression 
B)  drug addiction 
C)  asthma 
D)  anxiety D

Question 2

Describe restless legs syndrome. Which dopamine receptor has been used to treat this syndrome?

Accepted Answer

The primary symptom of restless legs syndrome is a strong and uncomfortable urge to move one's legs. The sensation usually occurs at night or after the legs have been still for period of time, such as on a long car ride. Other symptoms are itching, numbness, tingling, burning, pain, and cramps. The cause of the syndrome is unknown, although abnormal functioning of the dopaminergic system has been implicated. Treatment with the medications pramipexole, ropinirole, or rotigatine, which activate D₃ receptors has reduced symptoms in people affected by this disorder.

Question 3

Catecholamine levels can be decreased by _______, which serves to _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  reserpine; block tyrosine hydroxylase 
B)  α-methyl-para-tyrosine; inhibit uptake into vesicles 
C)  α-methyl-para-tyrosine; block tyrosine hydroxylase 
D)  Adderall; inhibit reuptake 
A)  reserpine; block tyrosine hydroxylase 
B)  α-methyl-para-tyrosine; inhibit uptake into vesicles 
C)  α-methyl-para-tyrosine; block tyrosine hydroxylase 
D)  Adderall; inhibit reuptake C

Question 4

High levels of MHPG, HVA, and VMA in the blood and urine can indicate

Accepted Answer

A)  increased transporter activation. 
B)  hypertension. 
C)  dysfunctional receptors. 
D)  level of catecholaminergic activity in the nervous system. 
A)  increased transporter activation. 
B)  hypertension. 
C)  dysfunctional receptors. 
D)  level of catecholaminergic activity in the nervous system.

Question 5

The D2/D3 receptor agonist bromocriptine (Cycloset), is used to treat type 2 diabetes by regulating blood insulin and glucose levels. The mechanism of action of this drug is thought to be _______ nervous system resulting in reduced glucose production.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibition of the sympathetic 
B)  activation of the sympathetic 
C)  inhibition of the parasympathetic 
D)  activation of the peripheral 
A)  inhibition of the sympathetic 
B)  activation of the sympathetic 
C)  inhibition of the parasympathetic 
D)  activation of the peripheral

Question 6

A _______ receptor antagonist, which is thought to block DA receptors in the limbic system, would likely be prescribed to a patient with schizophrenia.

Accepted Answer

A)  D1 
B)  D2 
C)  D4 
D)  D5 
A)  D1 
B)  D2 
C)  D4 
D)  D5

Question 7

Signs of opioid withdrawal include increased heart rate, diarrhea, and elevated blood pressure, which can be relieved by stimulating

Accepted Answer

A)  µ opioid receptors. 
B)  D2 autoreceptors. 
C)  NE transporters. 
D)  α2-autoreceptors. 
A)  µ opioid receptors. 
B)  D2 autoreceptors. 
C)  NE transporters. 
D)  α2-autoreceptors.

Question 8

6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a(n) _______ used to _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  neurotoxin; damage catecholamine neurons 
B)  antagonist; block catecholamine receptors 
C)  transporter inhibitor; prevent catecholamine reuptake 
D)  agonist; activate catecholamine receptors 
A)  neurotoxin; damage catecholamine neurons 
B)  antagonist; block catecholamine receptors 
C)  transporter inhibitor; prevent catecholamine reuptake 
D)  agonist; activate catecholamine receptors

Question 9

Why are adrenergic agonists and antagonists important in the treatment of many nonpsychiatric medical conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  NE cells innervate many diverse brain regions. 
B)  Movement disorders like Parkinson's are caused by changes in NE systems. 
C)  Alterations in brain NE can cause disorders of sleeping and eating. 
D)  Adrenergic receptors are found in a wide variety of peripheral organs. 
A)  NE cells innervate many diverse brain regions. 
B)  Movement disorders like Parkinson's are caused by changes in NE systems. 
C)  Alterations in brain NE can cause disorders of sleeping and eating. 
D)  Adrenergic receptors are found in a wide variety of peripheral organs.

Question 10

Which symptom would not be expected in an animal treated bilaterally with 6-OHDA?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased interest in motivated behaviors such as eating and drinking 
B)  Difficulty initiating movement 
C)  Increased locomotor activity 
D)  Sensory neglect 
A)  Decreased interest in motivated behaviors such as eating and drinking 
B)  Difficulty initiating movement 
C)  Increased locomotor activity 
D)  Sensory neglect

Question 11

A scientist investigating a newly identified receptor in rat cortex determines that it is a metabotropic receptor that regulates membrane-bound K+ channels in some cells and inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Based on these findings, the receptor is most likely a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  β-adrenoceptor. 
B)  D1-like dopamine receptor. 
C)  D2-like dopamine receptor. 
D)  autoreceptor. 
A)  β-adrenoceptor. 
B)  D1-like dopamine receptor. 
C)  D2-like dopamine receptor. 
D)  autoreceptor.

Question 12

A group of mice is given reserpine as part of an experiment. Behaviorally, these animals would be expected to show

Accepted Answer

A)  repetitive head and limb movements. 
B)  sedation. 
C)  stereotyped behaviors. 
D)  increased activity. 
A)  repetitive head and limb movements. 
B)  sedation. 
C)  stereotyped behaviors. 
D)  increased activity.

Question 13

Describe the evidence linking wakefulness to orexin and NE in the lateral hypothalamus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the evidence linking wakefulness to orexin...

Question 14

Write a coherent and informative paragraph incorporating the following terms: phasic release, extracellular DA, tonic release, burst mode, VTA.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Write a coherent and informative paragraph incorporating...

Question 15

$\beta$1- and $\beta$2-adrenoceptors _______, whereas ?2-receptors _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulate adenylyl cyclase; enhance free Ca2+ levels 
B)  inhibit adenylyl cyclase; stimulate adenylyl cyclase 
C)  stimulate adenylyl cyclase; inhibit adenylyl cyclase 
D)  increase K+ channel opening; inhibit adenylyl cyclase 
A)  stimulate adenylyl cyclase; enhance free Ca2+ levels 
B)  inhibit adenylyl cyclase; stimulate adenylyl cyclase 
C)  stimulate adenylyl cyclase; inhibit adenylyl cyclase 
D)  increase K+ channel opening; inhibit adenylyl cyclase

Question 16

The main reason for administering albuterol via inhaler is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  reduces congestion in the nose. 
B)  reduces cardiovascular side effects. 
C)  is the most cost-effective method of delivery. 
D)  acts very quickly on the respiratory system to provide relief. 
A)  reduces congestion in the nose. 
B)  reduces cardiovascular side effects. 
C)  is the most cost-effective method of delivery. 
D)  acts very quickly on the respiratory system to provide relief.

Question 17

You are crossing a busy street and carefully look both ways for oncoming traffic. As soon as you step into the street someone near you pulls you back as you suddenly notice a car approaching. Your heart is pounding and you suddenly feel sweaty. Which brain structure plays a key role in your response to this upsetting event and subsequent memory of it?

Accepted Answer

A)  Substantia nigra 
B)  Frontal cortex 
C)  Basolateral amygdala 
D)  Ventral tegmental area 
A)  Substantia nigra 
B)  Frontal cortex 
C)  Basolateral amygdala 
D)  Ventral tegmental area

Question 18

Norepinephrine produced in cell bodies in the sympathetic chain ganglia

Accepted Answer

A)  enters the general circulation. 
B)  can act on the heart and other organs. 
C)  causes arousal by acting on the medulla. 
D)  cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. 
A)  enters the general circulation. 
B)  can act on the heart and other organs. 
C)  causes arousal by acting on the medulla. 
D)  cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.

Question 19

Once synthesis has occurred, a protein called the _______ is responsible for packaging molecules of dopamine into membrane packets for release.

Accepted Answer

A)  autoreceptor 
B)  terminal receptor 
C)  vesicular monoamine transporter 
D)  dopamine transporter 
A)  autoreceptor 
B)  terminal receptor 
C)  vesicular monoamine transporter 
D)  dopamine transporter

Question 20

Describe the steps involved in the synthesis and metabolism of the catecholamines, including all the enzymes involved.

Accepted Answer

Synthesis: Tyrosine @#LAT-DLM& tyrosine hydroxylas

Hypertension and _______ can be treated with β-receptor antagonists.

Describe restless legs syndrome. Which dopamine receptor has been used to treat this syndrome?

Catecholamine levels can be decreased by _, which serves to _.

High levels of MHPG, HVA, and VMA in the blood and urine can indicate

The D₂/D₃ receptor agonist bromocriptine (Cycloset), is used to treat type 2 diabetes by regulating blood insulin and glucose levels. The mechanism of action of this drug is thought to be _______ nervous system resulting in reduced glucose production.

A _______ receptor antagonist, which is thought to block DA receptors in the limbic system, would likely be prescribed to a patient with schizophrenia.

Signs of opioid withdrawal include increased heart rate, diarrhea, and elevated blood pressure, which can be relieved by stimulating

6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a(n) _ used to _.

Why are adrenergic agonists and antagonists important in the treatment of many nonpsychiatric medical conditions?

Which symptom would not be expected in an animal treated bilaterally with 6-OHDA?

A scientist investigating a newly identified receptor in rat cortex determines that it is a metabotropic receptor that regulates membrane-bound K⁺ channels in some cells and inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Based on these findings, the receptor is most likely a(n)

A group of mice is given reserpine as part of an experiment. Behaviorally, these animals would be expected to show

Describe the evidence linking wakefulness to orexin and NE in the lateral hypothalamus.

Write a coherent and informative paragraph incorporating the following terms: phasic release, extracellular DA, tonic release, burst mode, VTA.

$\beta$ ₁- and $\beta$ ₂-adrenoceptors _, whereas ?₂-receptors _.

The main reason for administering albuterol via inhaler is that it

Norepinephrine produced in cell bodies in the sympathetic chain ganglia

Once synthesis has occurred, a protein called the _______ is responsible for packaging molecules of dopamine into membrane packets for release.

Describe the steps involved in the synthesis and metabolism of the catecholamines, including all the enzymes involved.

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 5: Catecholamines

Hypertension and _______ can be treated with β-receptor antagonists.

Describe restless legs syndrome. Which dopamine receptor has been used to treat this syndrome?

Catecholamine levels can be decreased by _______, which serves to _______.

High levels of MHPG, HVA, and VMA in the blood and urine can indicate

The D2/D3 receptor agonist bromocriptine (Cycloset), is used to treat type 2 diabetes by regulating blood insulin and glucose levels. The mechanism of action of this drug is thought to be _______ nervous system resulting in reduced glucose production.

A _______ receptor antagonist, which is thought to block DA receptors in the limbic system, would likely be prescribed to a patient with schizophrenia.

Signs of opioid withdrawal include increased heart rate, diarrhea, and elevated blood pressure, which can be relieved by stimulating

6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a(n) _______ used to _______.

Why are adrenergic agonists and antagonists important in the treatment of many nonpsychiatric medical conditions?

Which symptom would not be expected in an animal treated bilaterally with 6-OHDA?

A scientist investigating a newly identified receptor in rat cortex determines that it is a metabotropic receptor that regulates membrane-bound K+ channels in some cells and inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Based on these findings, the receptor is most likely a(n)

A group of mice is given reserpine as part of an experiment. Behaviorally, these animals would be expected to show

Describe the evidence linking wakefulness to orexin and NE in the lateral hypothalamus.

Write a coherent and informative paragraph incorporating the following terms: phasic release, extracellular DA, tonic release, burst mode, VTA.

β\betaβ 1- and β\betaβ 2-adrenoceptors _______, whereas ?2-receptors _______.

The main reason for administering albuterol via inhaler is that it

Norepinephrine produced in cell bodies in the sympathetic chain ganglia

Once synthesis has occurred, a protein called the _______ is responsible for packaging molecules of dopamine into membrane packets for release.

Describe the steps involved in the synthesis and metabolism of the catecholamines, including all the enzymes involved.

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Catecholamine levels can be decreased by _, which serves to _.

The D₂/D₃ receptor agonist bromocriptine (Cycloset), is used to treat type 2 diabetes by regulating blood insulin and glucose levels. The mechanism of action of this drug is thought to be _______ nervous system resulting in reduced glucose production.

6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a(n) _ used to _.

A scientist investigating a newly identified receptor in rat cortex determines that it is a metabotropic receptor that regulates membrane-bound K⁺ channels in some cells and inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Based on these findings, the receptor is most likely a(n)

$\beta$ ₁- and $\beta$ ₂-adrenoceptors _, whereas ?₂-receptors _.