Question 1

Describe the location and characteristics of nicotinic receptors. Name one drug that acts as an agonist and one drug that acts as an antagonist at these receptors.

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptors are found in ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and also in the brain, where they receive the ACh input from the preganglionic neurons, and at the neuromuscular junction. They are ionotropic receptors that contain subunits, and they open up an ion channel for sodium and calcium ions when ACh binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAhR). Examples of antagonists are mecamylamine and curare.

Question 2

Describe the location of muscarinic receptors in the brain and periphery. List two central and two peripheral functions of these receptors. Finally, name a parasympathomimetic agent and a parasympatholytic agent.

Accepted Answer

Muscarinic receptors are widely distributed throughout brain, including the neocortex, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, and basal forebrain. They are also found in the periphery on the target organs of the parasympathetic nervous system, including in cardiac muscle, in the smooth muscle associated with many organs, and in secretory glands. Brain receptors play an important role cognition motor function and may play a role in the reward response to psychoactive drugs. In the periphery, muscarinic receptors are involved in slowing of the heart and decrease of contraction strength. A muscarinic parasympathomimetic agent (agonist) is muscarine, and a parasympatholytic agent (antagonist) is atropine.

Question 3

Activation of M1, M3, or M5 receptors leads to _______ of the _______ cell, while activation of M2 or M4 receptors leads _______of the _______ cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibition; excitation; presynaptic; presynaptic 
B)  excitation; inhibition; presynaptic; presynaptic 
C)  inhibition; excitation; postsynaptic; postsynaptic 
D)  excitation; inhibition; postsynaptic; postsynaptic 
A)  inhibition; excitation; presynaptic; presynaptic 
B)  excitation; inhibition; presynaptic; presynaptic 
C)  inhibition; excitation; postsynaptic; postsynaptic 
D)  excitation; inhibition; postsynaptic; postsynaptic D

Question 4

One important feature of the presence of multiple, different nAChR subunits is that the subunits

Accepted Answer

A)  vary among different individuals. 
B)  can "fill in" for one another, for example if one fails to function. 
C)  similarly affect how selective the channel is to different ions. 
D)  differentially affect how selective the channel is to different ions. 
A)  vary among different individuals. 
B)  can "fill in" for one another, for example if one fails to function. 
C)  similarly affect how selective the channel is to different ions. 
D)  differentially affect how selective the channel is to different ions.

Question 5

Muscle nicotinic receptors

Accepted Answer

A)  are found on muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction. 
B)  are metabotropic receptors. 
C)  can be overly stimulated by the poison d-tubocurarine. 
D)  possess two protein subunits, one α subunit and one β subunit. 
A)  are found on muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction. 
B)  are metabotropic receptors. 
C)  can be overly stimulated by the poison d-tubocurarine. 
D)  possess two protein subunits, one α subunit and one β subunit.

Question 6

An individual with overactive bladder or bruxism (teeth grinding) may be prescribed a low dose of

Accepted Answer

A)  succinylcholine. 
B)  atropine. 
C)  curare. 
D)  purified botulinum toxin A. 
A)  succinylcholine. 
B)  atropine. 
C)  curare. 
D)  purified botulinum toxin A.

Question 7

Which brain area(s) is/are not part of the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diagonal band nuclei 
B)  Substantia innominata 
C)  Locus coeruleus 
D)  Medial septal nucleus 
A)  Diagonal band nuclei 
B)  Substantia innominata 
C)  Locus coeruleus 
D)  Medial septal nucleus

Question 8

In an experiment on muscarinic receptors, strains of rats that were ethanol-preferring (iP) received an _______ negative allosteric modulator and afterward showed reduced _______ behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A)  M1; aggressive 
B)  M3; fearful 
C)  M4; sedated 
D)  M5; addictive 
A)  M1; aggressive 
B)  M3; fearful 
C)  M4; sedated 
D)  M5; addictive

Question 9

Which of the following is thought to play a role in the deficits seen in motor control in people with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Loss of forebrain cholinergic neurons 
B)  An imbalance between striatal cholinergic interneuron activity and dopaminergic input to the striatum 
C)  Excitation of midbrain dopamine neurons by the pontine cholinergic cells 
D)  Damage to the BFCS 
A)  Loss of forebrain cholinergic neurons 
B)  An imbalance between striatal cholinergic interneuron activity and dopaminergic input to the striatum 
C)  Excitation of midbrain dopamine neurons by the pontine cholinergic cells 
D)  Damage to the BFCS

Question 10

In a cholinergic neuron, if ACh remains in the cytoplasm but is not moving into synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminal for storage, which of the following scenarios might be true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The choline transporter is blocked by the drug hemicholinium-3. 
B)  The vesicular transporter VAChT is blocked by the drug vesamicol. 
C)  The choline transporter is blocked by the drug pyridostigmine. 
D)  The vesicular transporter VAChT is blocked by the drug donepezil. 
A)  The choline transporter is blocked by the drug hemicholinium-3. 
B)  The vesicular transporter VAChT is blocked by the drug vesamicol. 
C)  The choline transporter is blocked by the drug pyridostigmine. 
D)  The vesicular transporter VAChT is blocked by the drug donepezil.

Question 11

The drugs Cogentin and Artane are used cautiously to treat Parkinson's disease because of the potential side effect of

Accepted Answer

A)  blocking dopamine receptors 
B)  increasing both acetylcholine and dopamine. 
C)  preventing cell death in late stages of the disorder. 
D)  blocking cholinergic receptors. 
A)  blocking dopamine receptors 
B)  increasing both acetylcholine and dopamine. 
C)  preventing cell death in late stages of the disorder. 
D)  blocking cholinergic receptors.

Question 12

Explain how a reversible AChE inhibitor like pyridostigmine can be used as an antidote of sorts against an irreversible AChE inhibitor, such as the nerve gas sarin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how a reversible AChE inhibitor like...

Question 13

Which statement about curare is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It produces anesthesia. 
B)  It produces paralysis and stops respiration. 
C)  It is used on the tips of arrows by native tribes in South America. 
D)  By taking it themselves, scientists determined that it does not reduce consciousness. 
A)  It produces anesthesia. 
B)  It produces paralysis and stops respiration. 
C)  It is used on the tips of arrows by native tribes in South America. 
D)  By taking it themselves, scientists determined that it does not reduce consciousness.

Question 14

Write an informative and coherent paragraph incorporating the following terms: myasthenia gravis, ACh, skeletal muscle, neuromuscular junction, autoimmune disorder, neostigmine.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Write an informative and coherent paragraph incorporating...

Question 15

The drug vesamicol

Accepted Answer

A)  blocks acetylcholinesterase. 
B)  decreases the amount of acetylcholine in the cytoplasm. 
C)  increases the rate of choline acetyltransferase activity. 
D)  decreases the release of acetylcholine from the nerve terminal. 
A)  blocks acetylcholinesterase. 
B)  decreases the amount of acetylcholine in the cytoplasm. 
C)  increases the rate of choline acetyltransferase activity. 
D)  decreases the release of acetylcholine from the nerve terminal.

Question 16

Which of the following is not an AChE inhibitor?

Accepted Answer

A)  HC-3 
B)  Neostigmine 
C)  Sarin 
D)  Organophosphorus insecticides 
A)  HC-3 
B)  Neostigmine 
C)  Sarin 
D)  Organophosphorus insecticides

Question 17

Muscarinic receptors in the brain play a role in all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  motor function. 
B)  cognition. 
C)  digestion. 
D)  dependence and addiction. 
A)  motor function. 
B)  cognition. 
C)  digestion. 
D)  dependence and addiction.

Question 18

The choline transporter can be blocked by

Accepted Answer

A)  vesamicol. 
B)  hemicholinium-3. 
C)  physostigmine. 
D)  pyridostigmine. 
A)  vesamicol. 
B)  hemicholinium-3. 
C)  physostigmine. 
D)  pyridostigmine.

Question 19

Muscle nAChR receptors have two α subunits and thus two ACh binding sites. Both binding sites must be occupied in order for the receptor channel to

Accepted Answer

A)  open. 
B)  be desensitized. 
C)  close. 
D)  be selective. 
A)  open. 
B)  be desensitized. 
C)  close. 
D)  be selective.

Question 20

Which of the following represents the correct order of events at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

A)  AChE secreted by muscle cell → ACh metabolized into choline + acetic acid → choline transported back into terminal 
B)  ACh metabolized into choline + acetic acid → AChE secreted by cholinergic neuron → choline transported back into terminal 
C)  AChE secreted by muscle cell → ACh metabolized into choline + acetic acid → choline and acetic acid transported back into terminal 
D)  Choline transported to neuromuscular junction → AChE secreted by muscle cell → ACh metabolized into choline + acetic acid 
A)  AChE secreted by muscle cell → ACh metabolized into choline + acetic acid → choline transported back into terminal 
B)  ACh metabolized into choline + acetic acid → AChE secreted by cholinergic neuron → choline transported back into terminal 
C)  AChE secreted by muscle cell → ACh metabolized into choline + acetic acid → choline and acetic acid transported back into terminal 
D)  Choline transported to neuromuscular junction → AChE secreted by muscle cell → ACh metabolized into choline + acetic acid

Describe the location and characteristics of nicotinic receptors. Name one drug that acts as an agonist and one drug that acts as an antagonist at these receptors.

Describe the location of muscarinic receptors in the brain and periphery. List two central and two peripheral functions of these receptors. Finally, name a parasympathomimetic agent and a parasympatholytic agent.

Activation of M₁, M₃, or M₅ receptors leads to ___ of the _ cell, while activation of M₂ or M₄ receptors leads _of the ___ cell.

One important feature of the presence of multiple, different nAChR subunits is that the subunits

Muscle nicotinic receptors

An individual with overactive bladder or bruxism (teeth grinding) may be prescribed a low dose of

Which brain area(s) is/are not part of the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

In an experiment on muscarinic receptors, strains of rats that were ethanol-preferring (iP) received an _ negative allosteric modulator and afterward showed reduced _ behaviors.

Which of the following is thought to play a role in the deficits seen in motor control in people with Parkinson's disease?

In a cholinergic neuron, if ACh remains in the cytoplasm but is not moving into synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminal for storage, which of the following scenarios might be true?

The drugs Cogentin and Artane are used cautiously to treat Parkinson's disease because of the potential side effect of

Explain how a reversible AChE inhibitor like pyridostigmine can be used as an antidote of sorts against an irreversible AChE inhibitor, such as the nerve gas sarin.

Which statement about curare is false?

Write an informative and coherent paragraph incorporating the following terms: myasthenia gravis, ACh, skeletal muscle, neuromuscular junction, autoimmune disorder, neostigmine.

The drug vesamicol

Which of the following is not an AChE inhibitor?

Muscarinic receptors in the brain play a role in all of the following except

The choline transporter can be blocked by

Muscle nAChR receptors have two α subunits and thus two ACh binding sites. Both binding sites must be occupied in order for the receptor channel to

Which of the following represents the correct order of events at the neuromuscular junction?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 7: Acetylcholine

Describe the location and characteristics of nicotinic receptors. Name one drug that acts as an agonist and one drug that acts as an antagonist at these receptors.

Describe the location of muscarinic receptors in the brain and periphery. List two central and two peripheral functions of these receptors. Finally, name a parasympathomimetic agent and a parasympatholytic agent.

Activation of M1, M3, or M5 receptors leads to _______ of the _______ cell, while activation of M2 or M4 receptors leads _______of the _______ cell.

One important feature of the presence of multiple, different nAChR subunits is that the subunits

Muscle nicotinic receptors

An individual with overactive bladder or bruxism (teeth grinding) may be prescribed a low dose of

Which brain area(s) is/are not part of the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

In an experiment on muscarinic receptors, strains of rats that were ethanol-preferring (iP) received an _______ negative allosteric modulator and afterward showed reduced _______ behaviors.

Which of the following is thought to play a role in the deficits seen in motor control in people with Parkinson's disease?

In a cholinergic neuron, if ACh remains in the cytoplasm but is not moving into synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminal for storage, which of the following scenarios might be true?

The drugs Cogentin and Artane are used cautiously to treat Parkinson's disease because of the potential side effect of

Explain how a reversible AChE inhibitor like pyridostigmine can be used as an antidote of sorts against an irreversible AChE inhibitor, such as the nerve gas sarin.

Which statement about curare is false?

Write an informative and coherent paragraph incorporating the following terms: myasthenia gravis, ACh, skeletal muscle, neuromuscular junction, autoimmune disorder, neostigmine.

The drug vesamicol

Which of the following is not an AChE inhibitor?

Muscarinic receptors in the brain play a role in all of the following except

The choline transporter can be blocked by

Muscle nAChR receptors have two α subunits and thus two ACh binding sites. Both binding sites must be occupied in order for the receptor channel to

Which of the following represents the correct order of events at the neuromuscular junction?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Activation of M₁, M₃, or M₅ receptors leads to ___ of the _ cell, while activation of M₂ or M₄ receptors leads _of the ___ cell.

In an experiment on muscarinic receptors, strains of rats that were ethanol-preferring (iP) received an _ negative allosteric modulator and afterward showed reduced _ behaviors.