Question 1

Botulinum toxin has been used for all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  cosmetic purposes (treatment of "dynamic wrinkles"). 
B)  the treatment of facial and eyelid spasms. 
C)  the treatment OCD and autism. 
D)  the treatment of dystonias (prolonged muscle contractions). 
A)  cosmetic purposes (treatment of "dynamic wrinkles"). 
B)  the treatment of facial and eyelid spasms. 
C)  the treatment OCD and autism. 
D)  the treatment of dystonias (prolonged muscle contractions).

Question 2

Ingestion of a parasympathomimetic agent, such as pilocarpine, can cause all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  sweating. 
B)  pupillary dilation. 
C)  salivation. 
D)  diarrhea. 
A)  sweating. 
B)  pupillary dilation. 
C)  salivation. 
D)  diarrhea.

Question 3

A muscarinic receptor acts by inhibiting of cAMP synthesis, stimulating K+ channel opening, and inhibiting nerve terminal Ca2+ channel opening. Which subtypes have these characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A)  M2 and M3 
B)  M2 and M4 
C)  M1 and M3 
D)  M3 and M5 
A)  M2 and M3 
B)  M2 and M4 
C)  M1 and M3 
D)  M3 and M5

Question 4

Nicotinic receptors found on muscle cells require binding of _______ molecules of ACh and are composed of _______ subunits, a _______ subunit, one ?, and either a ? or an ? subunit.

Accepted Answer

A)  two; two ?1; ?1 
B)  five; two ?2; ?2 
C)  two to five; two ?1; ?1 
D)  two; two ?7; ?4 
A)  two; two ?1; ?1 
B)  five; two ?2; ?2 
C)  two to five; two ?1; ?1 
D)  two; two ?7; ?4

Question 5

The most important difference between pyridostigmine and sarin is that

Accepted Answer

A)  pyridostigmine is an irreversible AChE inhibitor; sarin is not. 
B)  Pyridostigmine does not cross the blood-brain barrier; sarin does. 
C)  sarin is an irreversible AChE inhibitor; pyridostigmine is not. 
D)  pyridostigmine is isolated from Calabar beans; sarin is not. 
A)  pyridostigmine is an irreversible AChE inhibitor; sarin is not. 
B)  Pyridostigmine does not cross the blood-brain barrier; sarin does. 
C)  sarin is an irreversible AChE inhibitor; pyridostigmine is not. 
D)  pyridostigmine is isolated from Calabar beans; sarin is not.

Question 6

Identify the cholinergic circuits in the central nervous system that are most important in cognitive functioning. How did optogenetic experiments on mice support involvement of these circuits in sustained attention?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify the cholinergic circuits in the central...

Question 7

Mutant mice lacking the choline transporter die within an hour or so of birth because they

Accepted Answer

A)  synthesize too much ACh. 
B)  synthesize too little ACh. 
C)  suffer from a buildup of acetic acid. 
D)  cannot release ACh properly. 
A)  synthesize too much ACh. 
B)  synthesize too little ACh. 
C)  suffer from a buildup of acetic acid. 
D)  cannot release ACh properly.

Question 8

Manipulating acetylcholine synthesis with pharmacological agents

Accepted Answer

A)  is straightforward because of the pharmacological specificity of ChAT inhibitors. 
B)  has led to significant clinical improvements in disorders like Alzheimer's disease. 
C)  may yield unfortunate side effects, such as a fishy odor, due to peripheral metabolism. 
D)  is straightforward because it relies entirely on the availability of precursors. 
A)  is straightforward because of the pharmacological specificity of ChAT inhibitors. 
B)  has led to significant clinical improvements in disorders like Alzheimer's disease. 
C)  may yield unfortunate side effects, such as a fishy odor, due to peripheral metabolism. 
D)  is straightforward because it relies entirely on the availability of precursors.

Question 9

Because cholinergic interneurons are clustered in the _______, changes in cholinergic function can affect _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  striatum; movement 
B)  thalamus; temperature regulation 
C)  amygdala; emotional responses 
D)  striatum; emotional responses 
A)  striatum; movement 
B)  thalamus; temperature regulation 
C)  amygdala; emotional responses 
D)  striatum; emotional responses

Question 10

Some of the _______ functions of ACh are thought to be due to activation of (α4)2 (β2)3 and (α7)5 nicotinic receptors.

Accepted Answer

A)  reflex 
B)  motor 
C)  cognitive 
D)  rewarding 
A)  reflex 
B)  motor 
C)  cognitive 
D)  rewarding

Question 11

Which statement about ACh and cognitive function is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Atropine produces amnesic effects. 
B)  Scopolamine produces amnesic effects. 
C)  Acetylcholine release is inhibited in prefrontal cortex when animals are presented with a sensory stimulus. 
D)  Alzheimer's disease is associated with a loss of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. 
A)  Atropine produces amnesic effects. 
B)  Scopolamine produces amnesic effects. 
C)  Acetylcholine release is inhibited in prefrontal cortex when animals are presented with a sensory stimulus. 
D)  Alzheimer's disease is associated with a loss of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain.

Question 12

Describe the synthesis and breakdown of acetylcholine. Identify several beneficial and several harmful drugs that affect the metabolism of acetylcholine.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the synthesis and breakdown of acetylcholine....

Question 13

Pyridostigmine can be used as an antidote to sarin because

Accepted Answer

A)  pyridostigmine acts on ACh release, not on its breakdown by AChE. 
B)  temporary interactions between pyridostigmine and AChE prevent it from being permanently inactivated by sarin. 
C)  pyridostigmine inactivates sarin by interacting with its ACh binding site. 
D)  pyridostigmine prevents sarin from crossing the blood-brain barrier. 
A)  pyridostigmine acts on ACh release, not on its breakdown by AChE. 
B)  temporary interactions between pyridostigmine and AChE prevent it from being permanently inactivated by sarin. 
C)  pyridostigmine inactivates sarin by interacting with its ACh binding site. 
D)  pyridostigmine prevents sarin from crossing the blood-brain barrier.

Question 14

Which drug/action pairing is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vesamicol: inhibits vesicular uptake of ACh 
B)  Atropine: muscarinic receptor antagonist 
C)  Physostigmine: inhibits choline reuptake 
D)  Sarin: irreversibly inhibits AChE 
A)  Vesamicol: inhibits vesicular uptake of ACh 
B)  Atropine: muscarinic receptor antagonist 
C)  Physostigmine: inhibits choline reuptake 
D)  Sarin: irreversibly inhibits AChE

Question 15

Neurons that use ACh as their transmitter can be identified by the presence of _______ in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  acetylcholinesterase 
B)  acetyl coenzyme A 
C)  choline acetyltransferase 
D)  choline 
A)  acetylcholinesterase 
B)  acetyl coenzyme A 
C)  choline acetyltransferase 
D)  choline

Question 16

Which statement about acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The key catalyzing enzyme is acetylcholinesterase. 
B)  Choline, which is synthesized into ACh, comes from the diet and the liver. 
C)  Acetyl coenzyme A limits synthesis, as it is not found in all cells. 
D)  Coenzyme A is an important precursor. 
A)  The key catalyzing enzyme is acetylcholinesterase. 
B)  Choline, which is synthesized into ACh, comes from the diet and the liver. 
C)  Acetyl coenzyme A limits synthesis, as it is not found in all cells. 
D)  Coenzyme A is an important precursor.

Botulinum toxin has been used for all of the following except

Ingestion of a parasympathomimetic agent, such as pilocarpine, can cause all of the following except

A muscarinic receptor acts by inhibiting of cAMP synthesis, stimulating K⁺ channel opening, and inhibiting nerve terminal Ca²⁺ channel opening. Which subtypes have these characteristics?

Nicotinic receptors found on muscle cells require binding of ___ molecules of ACh and are composed of _ subunits, a _____ subunit, one ?, and either a ? or an ? subunit.

The most important difference between pyridostigmine and sarin is that

Identify the cholinergic circuits in the central nervous system that are most important in cognitive functioning. How did optogenetic experiments on mice support involvement of these circuits in sustained attention?

Mutant mice lacking the choline transporter die within an hour or so of birth because they

Manipulating acetylcholine synthesis with pharmacological agents

Because cholinergic interneurons are clustered in the _, changes in cholinergic function can affect _.

Some of the _______ functions of ACh are thought to be due to activation of (α4)₂(β2)₃ and (α7)₅ nicotinic receptors.

Which statement about ACh and cognitive function is false?

Describe the synthesis and breakdown of acetylcholine. Identify several beneficial and several harmful drugs that affect the metabolism of acetylcholine.

Pyridostigmine can be used as an antidote to sarin because

Which drug/action pairing is incorrect?

Neurons that use ACh as their transmitter can be identified by the presence of _______ in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Which statement about acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis is true?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 7: Acetylcholine

Botulinum toxin has been used for all of the following except

Ingestion of a parasympathomimetic agent, such as pilocarpine, can cause all of the following except

A muscarinic receptor acts by inhibiting of cAMP synthesis, stimulating K+ channel opening, and inhibiting nerve terminal Ca2+ channel opening. Which subtypes have these characteristics?

Nicotinic receptors found on muscle cells require binding of _______ molecules of ACh and are composed of _______ subunits, a _______ subunit, one ?, and either a ? or an ? subunit.

The most important difference between pyridostigmine and sarin is that

Identify the cholinergic circuits in the central nervous system that are most important in cognitive functioning. How did optogenetic experiments on mice support involvement of these circuits in sustained attention?

Mutant mice lacking the choline transporter die within an hour or so of birth because they

Manipulating acetylcholine synthesis with pharmacological agents

Because cholinergic interneurons are clustered in the _______, changes in cholinergic function can affect _______.

Some of the _______ functions of ACh are thought to be due to activation of (α4)2 (β2)3 and (α7)5 nicotinic receptors.

Which statement about ACh and cognitive function is false?

Describe the synthesis and breakdown of acetylcholine. Identify several beneficial and several harmful drugs that affect the metabolism of acetylcholine.

Pyridostigmine can be used as an antidote to sarin because

Which drug/action pairing is incorrect?

Neurons that use ACh as their transmitter can be identified by the presence of _______ in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Which statement about acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis is true?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

A muscarinic receptor acts by inhibiting of cAMP synthesis, stimulating K⁺ channel opening, and inhibiting nerve terminal Ca²⁺ channel opening. Which subtypes have these characteristics?

Nicotinic receptors found on muscle cells require binding of ___ molecules of ACh and are composed of _ subunits, a _____ subunit, one ?, and either a ? or an ? subunit.

Because cholinergic interneurons are clustered in the _, changes in cholinergic function can affect _.

Some of the _______ functions of ACh are thought to be due to activation of (α4)₂(β2)₃ and (α7)₅ nicotinic receptors.