Question 1

Drugs that work on the metabotropic glutamate receptor are of interest and under development for treating all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  depression. 
B)  anxiety disorders. 
C)  balance and vestibular problems. 
D)  disorders with cognitive deficits. 
A)  depression. 
B)  anxiety disorders. 
C)  balance and vestibular problems. 
D)  disorders with cognitive deficits. C

Question 2

What are benzodiazepines and how do they affect GABA? Why might a doctor or psychiatrist prescribe benzodiazepines?

Accepted Answer

Benzodiazepines (BDZs) are anxiolytics and their main mechanism of action is through positive allosteric modulation of the GABA_A receptor; thus, they enhance GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition.

Question 3

Name the three ionotropic glutamate receptors in the brain. For each, identify the ions that move to create the depolarizing effects. What effect does the drug NBQX have on these receptors and on behavior?

Accepted Answer

AMPA and kainite depolarize mainly by Na⁺ entry; NMDA depolarizes by Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ entry. NBQX can block AMPA and kainite receptors but not NMDA. Exposure to high doses of NBQX causes sedation, hypoactivity, and balance problems.

Question 4

The excitotoxicity hypothesis states that

Accepted Answer

A)  repeated stimulation of neurons is the basis for learning and memory. 
B)  tetanic stimulation of the presynaptic neuron can produce LTP in the recipient cell. 
C)  overexposure to excitatory amino acids is cause by prolonged depolarization of receptive neurons and cell death. 
D)  glutamate and aspartate play a critical role in the action of drugs like PCP. 
A)  repeated stimulation of neurons is the basis for learning and memory. 
B)  tetanic stimulation of the presynaptic neuron can produce LTP in the recipient cell. 
C)  overexposure to excitatory amino acids is cause by prolonged depolarization of receptive neurons and cell death. 
D)  glutamate and aspartate play a critical role in the action of drugs like PCP.

Question 5

Cell death that occurs shortly after exposure to high concentrations of glutamate and other excitatory amino acids involves

Accepted Answer

A)  lysing and bursting of the cell. 
B)  the breakup of DNA. 
C)  shrinkage of the cell. 
D)  phagocytosis. 
A)  lysing and bursting of the cell. 
B)  the breakup of DNA. 
C)  shrinkage of the cell. 
D)  phagocytosis.

Question 6

In neurotransmitter co-release in the _______, postsynaptic cells may receive both excitatory and inhibitory inputs from the same nerve terminals thereby allowing for a _______ postsynaptic response than could be achieved using a single neurotransmitter.

Accepted Answer

A)  raphe nuclei; stronger 
B)  lateral habenula; more fine-tuned 
C)  globus pallidus; more predictable 
D)  nucleus accumbens; more rapid 
A)  raphe nuclei; stronger 
B)  lateral habenula; more fine-tuned 
C)  globus pallidus; more predictable 
D)  nucleus accumbens; more rapid

Question 7

GABA metabolism

Accepted Answer

A)  takes place almost entirely in neurons. 
B)  is undertaken by the enzyme GABA decarboxylase. 
C)  is blocked by the drug GABA-T. 
D)  can be inhibited by the epilepsy medication vigabatrin. 
A)  takes place almost entirely in neurons. 
B)  is undertaken by the enzyme GABA decarboxylase. 
C)  is blocked by the drug GABA-T. 
D)  can be inhibited by the epilepsy medication vigabatrin.

Question 8

It has been suggested that abnormal firing of striatal GABAergic neurons may play a role in

Accepted Answer

A)  Alzheimer's disease. 
B)  amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 
C)  Parkinson's disease. 
D)  Down syndrome. 
A)  Alzheimer's disease. 
B)  amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 
C)  Parkinson's disease. 
D)  Down syndrome.

Question 9

The correct order of events in the synthesis of GABA is

Accepted Answer

A)  Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GA
D)  $\rightarrow$ glutamate $\rightarrow$ GABA 
B)  Glutamate $\rightarrow$ glutamic acid decarboxylase (GA
D)  $\rightarrow$ GABA 
C)  GABA aminotransferase (GABA-T) $\rightarrow$ glutamate $\rightarrow$GABA 
D)  Glutamate $\rightarrow$ GABA aminotransferase (GABA-T) $\rightarrow$ GABA 
A)  Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GA
D)  $\rightarrow$ glutamate $\rightarrow$ GABA 
B)  Glutamate $\rightarrow$ glutamic acid decarboxylase (GA
D)  $\rightarrow$ GABA 
C)  GABA aminotransferase (GABA-T) $\rightarrow$ glutamate $\rightarrow$GABA 
D)  Glutamate $\rightarrow$ GABA aminotransferase (GABA-T) $\rightarrow$ GABA

Question 10

Describe the processes by which GABA is inactivated and metabolized. Identify two drugs that affect these processes, and indicate what effect they have on behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the processes by which GABA is...

Question 11

GABA is co-expressed and co-released with the classical neurotransmitter(s)

Accepted Answer

A)  glycine, acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate. 
B)  glutamate and aspartate. 
C)  norepinephrine and epinephrine. 
D)  serotonin. 
A)  glycine, acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate. 
B)  glutamate and aspartate. 
C)  norepinephrine and epinephrine. 
D)  serotonin.

Question 12

Which event does not have to occur for NMDA receptor channel opening?

Accepted Answer

A)  An excitatory amino acid like glutamate must bind to the receptor. 
B)  The PCP block must be removed. 
C)  A co-agonist must bind at the glycine site. 
D)  The membrane must be depolarized by some other receptor. 
A)  An excitatory amino acid like glutamate must bind to the receptor. 
B)  The PCP block must be removed. 
C)  A co-agonist must bind at the glycine site. 
D)  The membrane must be depolarized by some other receptor.

Question 13

Which of the following is considered to be a glutamate co-agonist at the NMDA receptor site?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ketamine 
B)  d-Serine 
C)  Magnesium 
D)  Aspartate 
A)  Ketamine 
B)  d-Serine 
C)  Magnesium 
D)  Aspartate

Question 14

A drug that is used to induce seizures in laboratory animals is

Accepted Answer

A)  muscimol. 
B)  muscarine. 
C)  diazepam. 
D)  picrotoxin. 
A)  muscimol. 
B)  muscarine. 
C)  diazepam. 
D)  picrotoxin.

Question 15

Describe the role of transporters and astrocytes in the clearance, metabolism, and synthesis of glutamate (GLU) and GABA.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the role of transporters and astrocytes...

Question 16

Which statement about knockout mice lacking EAAT2 is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They have a shortened life span. 
B)  They develop spontaneous epileptic seizures. 
C)  They are more susceptible to experimentally-induced brain injury than wild-type mice. 
D)  They exhibit normal weight gain throughout development. 
A)  They have a shortened life span. 
B)  They develop spontaneous epileptic seizures. 
C)  They are more susceptible to experimentally-induced brain injury than wild-type mice. 
D)  They exhibit normal weight gain throughout development.

Question 17

Distinguish between short-term excitotoxic effects of glutamate and the delayed type of programmed cell death that occurs in adult animals.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Distinguish between short-term excitotoxic effects of glutamate...

Question 18

In long-term potentiation,

Accepted Answer

A)  researchers apply a tetanic stimulus to the postsynaptic cell. 
B)  changes that involve NMDA receptors occur in the induction phase. 
C)  the expression phase involves kainate receptors. 
D)  calcium inhibits the expression of additional AMPA receptors. 
A)  researchers apply a tetanic stimulus to the postsynaptic cell. 
B)  changes that involve NMDA receptors occur in the induction phase. 
C)  the expression phase involves kainate receptors. 
D)  calcium inhibits the expression of additional AMPA receptors.

Question 19

Characterize the GABAA receptor complex in terms of its subunits, ion channel, and the additional binding sites.

Accepted Answer

GABA_A receptors are ion channels that per

Question 20

Which characteristic do neurosteroids and benzodiazepines not share?

Accepted Answer

A)  They enhance GABAA receptor function. 
B)  They have sedative-hypnotic effects. 
C)  They bind to the BDZ site on the GABAA receptor. 
D)  They act as local signaling molecules. 
A)  They enhance GABAA receptor function. 
B)  They have sedative-hypnotic effects. 
C)  They bind to the BDZ site on the GABAA receptor. 
D)  They act as local signaling molecules.

Drugs that work on the metabotropic glutamate receptor are of interest and under development for treating all of the following except

What are benzodiazepines and how do they affect GABA? Why might a doctor or psychiatrist prescribe benzodiazepines?

Name the three ionotropic glutamate receptors in the brain. For each, identify the ions that move to create the depolarizing effects. What effect does the drug NBQX have on these receptors and on behavior?

The excitotoxicity hypothesis states that

Cell death that occurs shortly after exposure to high concentrations of glutamate and other excitatory amino acids involves

In neurotransmitter co-release in the _, postsynaptic cells may receive both excitatory and inhibitory inputs from the same nerve terminals thereby allowing for a _ postsynaptic response than could be achieved using a single neurotransmitter.

GABA metabolism

It has been suggested that abnormal firing of striatal GABAergic neurons may play a role in

The correct order of events in the synthesis of GABA is

Describe the processes by which GABA is inactivated and metabolized. Identify two drugs that affect these processes, and indicate what effect they have on behavior.

GABA is co-expressed and co-released with the classical neurotransmitter(s)

Which event does not have to occur for NMDA receptor channel opening?

Which of the following is considered to be a glutamate co-agonist at the NMDA receptor site?

A drug that is used to induce seizures in laboratory animals is

Describe the role of transporters and astrocytes in the clearance, metabolism, and synthesis of glutamate (GLU) and GABA.

Which statement about knockout mice lacking EAAT2 is false?

Distinguish between short-term excitotoxic effects of glutamate and the delayed type of programmed cell death that occurs in adult animals.

In long-term potentiation,

Characterize the GABA_A receptor complex in terms of its subunits, ion channel, and the additional binding sites.

Which characteristic do neurosteroids and benzodiazepines not share?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 8: Glutamate and Gaba

Drugs that work on the metabotropic glutamate receptor are of interest and under development for treating all of the following except

What are benzodiazepines and how do they affect GABA? Why might a doctor or psychiatrist prescribe benzodiazepines?

Name the three ionotropic glutamate receptors in the brain. For each, identify the ions that move to create the depolarizing effects. What effect does the drug NBQX have on these receptors and on behavior?

The excitotoxicity hypothesis states that

Cell death that occurs shortly after exposure to high concentrations of glutamate and other excitatory amino acids involves

In neurotransmitter co-release in the _______, postsynaptic cells may receive both excitatory and inhibitory inputs from the same nerve terminals thereby allowing for a _______ postsynaptic response than could be achieved using a single neurotransmitter.

GABA metabolism

It has been suggested that abnormal firing of striatal GABAergic neurons may play a role in

The correct order of events in the synthesis of GABA is

Describe the processes by which GABA is inactivated and metabolized. Identify two drugs that affect these processes, and indicate what effect they have on behavior.

GABA is co-expressed and co-released with the classical neurotransmitter(s)

Which event does not have to occur for NMDA receptor channel opening?

Which of the following is considered to be a glutamate co-agonist at the NMDA receptor site?

A drug that is used to induce seizures in laboratory animals is

Describe the role of transporters and astrocytes in the clearance, metabolism, and synthesis of glutamate (GLU) and GABA.

Which statement about knockout mice lacking EAAT2 is false?

Distinguish between short-term excitotoxic effects of glutamate and the delayed type of programmed cell death that occurs in adult animals.

In long-term potentiation,

Characterize the GABAA receptor complex in terms of its subunits, ion channel, and the additional binding sites.

Which characteristic do neurosteroids and benzodiazepines not share?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

In neurotransmitter co-release in the _, postsynaptic cells may receive both excitatory and inhibitory inputs from the same nerve terminals thereby allowing for a _ postsynaptic response than could be achieved using a single neurotransmitter.

Characterize the GABA_A receptor complex in terms of its subunits, ion channel, and the additional binding sites.