Chat with AIExam 13: Nicotine and Caffeine
Distinguish between short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) nicotine tolerance in humans and explain how subunit composition of the receptors affect both types. How can dependence and withdrawal be studied in animals?
(73) 
VerifiedBoth acute and chronic tolerance may involve nicotinic receptor desensitization. In acute tolerance, receptors with α4β2 subunits develop tolerance sooner that those with α7 subunits. On the other hand, the α4β2 receptors have a quicker recovery from tolerance. Chronic tolerance is associated with an increase in high-affinity nicotinic receptor levels in the brain (perhaps to compensate for receptor desensitization?). In animals, one way to study the effects of chronic nicotine exposure is to make use of an osmotic minipump that delivers a constant amount of nicotine over a 1- to 2-week period. The effects of loss of nicotinic stimulation can be studied by simply stopping the delivery of nicotine, or, for a quicker effect, administering a nicotinic receptor antagonist that can cross the blood-brain barrier, such as mecamylamine. Signs of nicotine withdrawal include shaking, teeth chatter, and increased startle response.
Describe the four generation of e-cigarettes that have been developed and their mechanisms of action for nicotine delivery.
(89) VerifiedThe first generation were "cig-alikes," and were designed to feel like a classic tobacco cigarette. The drawback of this type was that it didn't supply reliable nicotine delivery. The second generation are called "clearomizers," which have larger batteries than cig-a-likes and also refillable tanks containing the e-liquid. There are also similar second-generation devices called "cartomizers" that are not refillable. The third generation type are the "mods," which supply higher amounts of vapor due to higher-voltage batteries and larger tanks. The fourth generation are the "pods" (such as the JUUL brand), which are small, streamlined devices with either disposable or refillable liquid containers.
Which statement about people who are tolerant and/or dependent on caffeine in coffee is false?
(76) VerifiedA
Describe the progression/stages in the development of a smoker and indicate how the deprivation reversal model plays a role.
(76) One potentially dangerous effect of the combination of energy drinks and alcohol is that
(73) What leads to caffeine intoxication and why is it sometimes mistaken for anxiety?
(96) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various nicotine replacement strategies. Then identify other pharmacological and behavioral interventions for treating tobacco dependence.
(80) Studies with knockout mice genetically engineered to lack particular nicotinic receptor subunits have shown that VTA nicotinic receptors with the _______ and _______ subunits are important in nicotine addiction.
(61) Describe the mechanism of action of caffeine at the synapse and explain why other possible synaptic models have been ruled out.
(71) What is the fastest way to administer nicotine to the brain?
(75) 
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