Question 1

Which of the following is not a reason that the benzodiazepines are preferred over barbiturates?

Accepted Answer

A)  They produce less sedation. 
B)  They have a low incidence of tolerance. 
C)  There is a less severe withdrawal syndrome. 
D)  They are more effective at reducing anxiety. 
A)  They produce less sedation. 
B)  They have a low incidence of tolerance. 
C)  There is a less severe withdrawal syndrome. 
D)  They are more effective at reducing anxiety. D

Question 2

The _______ is believed to have a central role in the neurobiology associated with the characteristic repetitive and ritualistic thoughts associated with OCD.

Accepted Answer

A)  substantia nigra 
B)  hippocampus 
C)  caudate nucleus 
D)  primary motor cortex 
A)  substantia nigra 
B)  hippocampus 
C)  caudate nucleus 
D)  primary motor cortex C

Question 3

While barbiturates are probably the oldest of the sedative-hypnotics, they are not currently used for anxiety/insomnia because

Accepted Answer

A)  sodium amytal is the only barbiturate available. 
B)  they only come in short-acting forms. 
C)  they can be lethal, while benzodiazepines are much safer. 
D)  they do not help with insomnia. 
A)  sodium amytal is the only barbiturate available. 
B)  they only come in short-acting forms. 
C)  they can be lethal, while benzodiazepines are much safer. 
D)  they do not help with insomnia. C

Question 4

Which of the following is not a clinical anxiety disorder recognized by the American Psychiatric Association?

Accepted Answer

A)  Panic attacks 
B)  Obsessive-compulsive disorder 
C)  Phobias 
D)  Acute anxiety 
A)  Panic attacks 
B)  Obsessive-compulsive disorder 
C)  Phobias 
D)  Acute anxiety

Question 5

Which area of the brain coordinates the components of anxiety and other emotions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypothalamus 
B)  VTA 
C)  Locus coeruleus 
D)  Amygdala 
A)  Hypothalamus 
B)  VTA 
C)  Locus coeruleus 
D)  Amygdala

Question 6

Administration of _______ before retrieval of a traumatic memory seems to diminish the emotional aspects of the memory without affecting the memory itself, suggesting a role for these drugs in the treatment of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  a CRF antagonist; specific phobia 
B)  a β-blocker; PTSD 
C)  a benzodiazepine; PTSD 
D)  yohimbine; GAD 
A)  a CRF antagonist; specific phobia 
B)  a β-blocker; PTSD 
C)  a benzodiazepine; PTSD 
D)  yohimbine; GAD

Question 7

If individuals experience an abstinence syndrome when withdrawing from benzodiazepines, one would expect to see

Accepted Answer

A)  a withdrawal syndrome that is life-threatening. 
B)  a milder withdrawal syndrome than one following ethanol or barbiturate withdrawal. 
C)  a more severe withdrawal syndrome than one following barbiturate withdrawal. 
D)  symptoms that include increased sleepiness and mania. 
A)  a withdrawal syndrome that is life-threatening. 
B)  a milder withdrawal syndrome than one following ethanol or barbiturate withdrawal. 
C)  a more severe withdrawal syndrome than one following barbiturate withdrawal. 
D)  symptoms that include increased sleepiness and mania.

Question 8

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Accepted Answer

A)  is one of the least common anxiety disorders. 
B)  generally starts in the teens or twenties and persists throughout life. 
C)  will lead to agoraphobia if untreated. 
D)  is genetically determined, as twin studies strongly indicate. 
A)  is one of the least common anxiety disorders. 
B)  generally starts in the teens or twenties and persists throughout life. 
C)  will lead to agoraphobia if untreated. 
D)  is genetically determined, as twin studies strongly indicate.

Question 9

Which statement about panic disorder is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The individual experiences intense parasympathetic arousal. 
B)  The individual feels like they are going to die or lose control. 
C)  The unpredictable nature of the attacks creates a feeling of anticipatory anxiety. 
D)  The worry of having attacks in unsafe places often leads to the development of agoraphobia. 
A)  The individual experiences intense parasympathetic arousal. 
B)  The individual feels like they are going to die or lose control. 
C)  The unpredictable nature of the attacks creates a feeling of anticipatory anxiety. 
D)  The worry of having attacks in unsafe places often leads to the development of agoraphobia.

Question 10

Which statement about the role of norepinephrine in anxiety is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inhibition of the locus coeruleus can elicit alerting and fear responses in animals. 
B)  Abnormal sympathetic nervous system activation is a common feature of anxiety disorders. 
C)  Reduced norepinephrine activity can contribute to the formation of trauma memories in PTSD. 
D)  Some anxiety-reducing drugs work by enhancing norepinephrine pathways. 
A)  Inhibition of the locus coeruleus can elicit alerting and fear responses in animals. 
B)  Abnormal sympathetic nervous system activation is a common feature of anxiety disorders. 
C)  Reduced norepinephrine activity can contribute to the formation of trauma memories in PTSD. 
D)  Some anxiety-reducing drugs work by enhancing norepinephrine pathways.

Question 11

Describe the results of the experiment in which researchers examined whether activating LC-NE terminals in the BLA can cause anxiety-like behavior in mice. How is this finding relevant to future treatment of anxiety disorders?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the results of the experiment in...

Question 12

Dopamine plays a modulatory role in anxiety by apparently inhibiting _______ and thus increasing activation of the _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibitory control from the medial prefrontal cortex; amygdala 
B)  the amygdala; medial prefrontal cortex 
C)  the hypothalamus; sympathetic nervous system 
D)  the VTA; medial prefrontal cortex 
A)  inhibitory control from the medial prefrontal cortex; amygdala 
B)  the amygdala; medial prefrontal cortex 
C)  the hypothalamus; sympathetic nervous system 
D)  the VTA; medial prefrontal cortex

Question 13

Describe the incidence of PTSD and explain the relationship between occurrence of PTSD and type of trauma, genetic factors, and cortisol levels.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the incidence of PTSD and explain...

Question 14

Buspirone (BuSpar) has all of the following effects except

Accepted Answer

A)  it is more effective at reducing the cognitive aspects of worry than the physical components of anxiety. 
B)  it is a partial agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor. 
C)  it does not cause sedation or confusion. 
D)  it is unlikely to be abused as it may cause dysphoria. 
A)  it is more effective at reducing the cognitive aspects of worry than the physical components of anxiety. 
B)  it is a partial agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor. 
C)  it does not cause sedation or confusion. 
D)  it is unlikely to be abused as it may cause dysphoria.

Question 15

All of the following are therapeutic uses of the benzodiazepines except

Accepted Answer

A)  presurgical anesthesia involving relaxation and decreased awareness. 
B)  treatment of insomnia. 
C)  muscle relaxation. 
D)  deep anesthesia involving loss of consciousness. 
A)  presurgical anesthesia involving relaxation and decreased awareness. 
B)  treatment of insomnia. 
C)  muscle relaxation. 
D)  deep anesthesia involving loss of consciousness.

Question 16

Adult mice exposed to early prenatal stress

Accepted Answer

A)  show enhanced HPA axis activity in response to stress. 
B)  show increased methylation of the CRF promoter region in the hypothalamus. 
C)  have increased numbers of glucocorticoid receptors. 
D)  show decreased expression of CRF in the amygdala. 
A)  show enhanced HPA axis activity in response to stress. 
B)  show increased methylation of the CRF promoter region in the hypothalamus. 
C)  have increased numbers of glucocorticoid receptors. 
D)  show decreased expression of CRF in the amygdala.

Question 17

Tolerance develops to the _______ effects of barbiturates, but not to the _______ effects.

Accepted Answer

A)  sedative; respiratory-depressant 
B)  muscle relaxant; mood 
C)  respiratory-depressant; hypnotic 
D)  reinforcing; sedative 
A)  sedative; respiratory-depressant 
B)  muscle relaxant; mood 
C)  respiratory-depressant; hypnotic 
D)  reinforcing; sedative

Question 18

Explain the effects of agonists, inverse agonists, and antagonists at the benzodiazepine site on GABA receptor function and on anxiety. How do the neuroactive steroids affect GABA receptors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the effects of agonists, inverse agonists,...

Question 19

Which of the following about the effect of anxiety-reducing drugs on locus coeruleus (LC) cell firing is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  TCAs enhance norepinephrine action at inhibitory autoreceptors to reduce LC firing. 
B)  Benzodiazepines decrease the inhibitory effects of GABA on the cells in the LC. 
C)  SSRIs decrease serotonin, which inhibits LC firing. 
D)  Yohimbine increases serotonin and norepinephrine, resulting in a decrease in LC firing. 
A)  TCAs enhance norepinephrine action at inhibitory autoreceptors to reduce LC firing. 
B)  Benzodiazepines decrease the inhibitory effects of GABA on the cells in the LC. 
C)  SSRIs decrease serotonin, which inhibits LC firing. 
D)  Yohimbine increases serotonin and norepinephrine, resulting in a decrease in LC firing.

Question 20

Which statement regarding the role of GABA in anxiety is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The GABA drug muscimol causes anxiety. 
B)  Intracranial injections of benzodiazepines reduce anxiety in operant conflict tests. 
C)  Bicuculline enhances benzodiazepine-enhancement of behavior in the social interaction test in animals. 
D)  Benzodiazepine injections into the amygdala decrease the number of light-dark crossings in animals. 
A)  The GABA drug muscimol causes anxiety. 
B)  Intracranial injections of benzodiazepines reduce anxiety in operant conflict tests. 
C)  Bicuculline enhances benzodiazepine-enhancement of behavior in the social interaction test in animals. 
D)  Benzodiazepine injections into the amygdala decrease the number of light-dark crossings in animals.

Which of the following is not a reason that the benzodiazepines are preferred over barbiturates?

The _______ is believed to have a central role in the neurobiology associated with the characteristic repetitive and ritualistic thoughts associated with OCD.

While barbiturates are probably the oldest of the sedative-hypnotics, they are not currently used for anxiety/insomnia because

Which of the following is not a clinical anxiety disorder recognized by the American Psychiatric Association?

Which area of the brain coordinates the components of anxiety and other emotions?

Administration of _ before retrieval of a traumatic memory seems to diminish the emotional aspects of the memory without affecting the memory itself, suggesting a role for these drugs in the treatment of _.

If individuals experience an abstinence syndrome when withdrawing from benzodiazepines, one would expect to see

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Which statement about panic disorder is false?

Which statement about the role of norepinephrine in anxiety is true?

Describe the results of the experiment in which researchers examined whether activating LC-NE terminals in the BLA can cause anxiety-like behavior in mice. How is this finding relevant to future treatment of anxiety disorders?

Dopamine plays a modulatory role in anxiety by apparently inhibiting _ and thus increasing activation of the _.

Describe the incidence of PTSD and explain the relationship between occurrence of PTSD and type of trauma, genetic factors, and cortisol levels.

Buspirone (BuSpar) has all of the following effects except

All of the following are therapeutic uses of the benzodiazepines except

Adult mice exposed to early prenatal stress

Tolerance develops to the _ effects of barbiturates, but not to the _ effects.

Explain the effects of agonists, inverse agonists, and antagonists at the benzodiazepine site on GABA receptor function and on anxiety. How do the neuroactive steroids affect GABA receptors?

Which of the following about the effect of anxiety-reducing drugs on locus coeruleus (LC) cell firing is true?

Which statement regarding the role of GABA in anxiety is false?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 17: Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Which of the following is not a reason that the benzodiazepines are preferred over barbiturates?

The _______ is believed to have a central role in the neurobiology associated with the characteristic repetitive and ritualistic thoughts associated with OCD.

While barbiturates are probably the oldest of the sedative-hypnotics, they are not currently used for anxiety/insomnia because

Which of the following is not a clinical anxiety disorder recognized by the American Psychiatric Association?

Which area of the brain coordinates the components of anxiety and other emotions?

Administration of _______ before retrieval of a traumatic memory seems to diminish the emotional aspects of the memory without affecting the memory itself, suggesting a role for these drugs in the treatment of _______.

If individuals experience an abstinence syndrome when withdrawing from benzodiazepines, one would expect to see

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Which statement about panic disorder is false?

Which statement about the role of norepinephrine in anxiety is true?

Describe the results of the experiment in which researchers examined whether activating LC-NE terminals in the BLA can cause anxiety-like behavior in mice. How is this finding relevant to future treatment of anxiety disorders?

Dopamine plays a modulatory role in anxiety by apparently inhibiting _______ and thus increasing activation of the _______.

Describe the incidence of PTSD and explain the relationship between occurrence of PTSD and type of trauma, genetic factors, and cortisol levels.

Buspirone (BuSpar) has all of the following effects except

All of the following are therapeutic uses of the benzodiazepines except

Adult mice exposed to early prenatal stress

Tolerance develops to the _______ effects of barbiturates, but not to the _______ effects.

Explain the effects of agonists, inverse agonists, and antagonists at the benzodiazepine site on GABA receptor function and on anxiety. How do the neuroactive steroids affect GABA receptors?

Which of the following about the effect of anxiety-reducing drugs on locus coeruleus (LC) cell firing is true?

Which statement regarding the role of GABA in anxiety is false?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Administration of _ before retrieval of a traumatic memory seems to diminish the emotional aspects of the memory without affecting the memory itself, suggesting a role for these drugs in the treatment of _.

Dopamine plays a modulatory role in anxiety by apparently inhibiting _ and thus increasing activation of the _.

Tolerance develops to the _ effects of barbiturates, but not to the _ effects.