Question 1

Which of the following has been implicated as a risk factor or trigger in panic disorder?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased 5-HT1A binding in the raphe 
B)  Breathing overly-oxygenated air 
C)  Injection with lactic acid 
D)  Injection with dopamine 
A)  Increased 5-HT1A binding in the raphe 
B)  Breathing overly-oxygenated air 
C)  Injection with lactic acid 
D)  Injection with dopamine

Question 2

Explain the evidence supporting a role for both genes and environment (especially exposure to early stress) in the expression of anxiety. Include physiological and behavioral findings in your answer. How are epigenetic factors involved?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the evidence supporting a role for...

Question 3

Neurosteroids exert their _______ effects by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  anxiogenic; increasing LC firing 
B)  anxiolytic; activating the prefrontal cortex 
C)  anxiolytic; enhancing GABA's effect on chloride channels 
D)  anxiogenic; activating the hippocampus 
A)  anxiogenic; increasing LC firing 
B)  anxiolytic; activating the prefrontal cortex 
C)  anxiolytic; enhancing GABA's effect on chloride channels 
D)  anxiogenic; activating the hippocampus

Question 4

Name and describe the principal clinical anxiety disorders. For each, indicate risk factors and general treatments if known.

Accepted Answer

The main clinical anxiety disorders are:

Question 5

Which of the following is a side effect of the barbiturates?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased metabolism of the drug over time 
B)  REM sleep rebound after withdrawal from the medication 
C)  Hypervigilance 
D)  Tolerance to the respiratory effects of the drug 
A)  Decreased metabolism of the drug over time 
B)  REM sleep rebound after withdrawal from the medication 
C)  Hypervigilance 
D)  Tolerance to the respiratory effects of the drug

Question 6

The consequences of early exposure to stress include _______ and depend on both _______ and _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  atrophy of the amygdala; genetics; gender 
B)  HPA axis response to stress; timing of stressor; gender 
C)  hyperactivity; age; ethnicity 
D)  cognitive changes; nutritional status; history of substance use 
A)  atrophy of the amygdala; genetics; gender 
B)  HPA axis response to stress; timing of stressor; gender 
C)  hyperactivity; age; ethnicity 
D)  cognitive changes; nutritional status; history of substance use

Question 7

The research linking serotonin to anxiety is mostly based on

Accepted Answer

A)  levels of serotonin turnover and metabolites in anxious individuals. 
B)  the fact that benzodiazepines have major effects of the serotonin system. 
C)  the monoamine hypothesis of anxiety, which is widely accepted. 
D)  the mechanism of action of anxiolytic drugs like BuSpar and the SSRIs. 
A)  levels of serotonin turnover and metabolites in anxious individuals. 
B)  the fact that benzodiazepines have major effects of the serotonin system. 
C)  the monoamine hypothesis of anxiety, which is widely accepted. 
D)  the mechanism of action of anxiolytic drugs like BuSpar and the SSRIs.

Question 8

Anxiolytic drugs do not

Accepted Answer

A)  produce relaxation along with drowsiness and poor motor coordination. 
B)  typically cause their effects on the CNS by increasing the transmitter dopamine. 
C)  include alcohol which has a very unsafe therapeutic index. 
D)  reduce seizures. 
A)  produce relaxation along with drowsiness and poor motor coordination. 
B)  typically cause their effects on the CNS by increasing the transmitter dopamine. 
C)  include alcohol which has a very unsafe therapeutic index. 
D)  reduce seizures.

Question 9

Anxiety disorders

Accepted Answer

A)  affect about 40% of Americans at some point in their lives. 
B)  are associated with major depression in about 35% of people. 
C)  include episodes of panic, phobic avoidance behaviors, and compulsive rituals. 
D)  are less disabling than other mental illnesses because anxiety has survival value. 
A)  affect about 40% of Americans at some point in their lives. 
B)  are associated with major depression in about 35% of people. 
C)  include episodes of panic, phobic avoidance behaviors, and compulsive rituals. 
D)  are less disabling than other mental illnesses because anxiety has survival value.

Question 10

One downside of buspirone (BuSpar) as an anxiolytic as compared to benzodiazepines is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  is more addictive than benzodiazepines. 
B)  must be taken for a period of several weeks for effects to occur. 
C)  more frequently causes sedation or confusion. 
D)  results in muscle relaxation such that activities such as driving are limited. 
A)  is more addictive than benzodiazepines. 
B)  must be taken for a period of several weeks for effects to occur. 
C)  more frequently causes sedation or confusion. 
D)  results in muscle relaxation such that activities such as driving are limited.

Question 11

The onset of action of benzodiazepines

Accepted Answer

A)  is fairly constant, ranging from 10-20 hours. 
B)  is longer for drugs like Valium and Librium that have active metabolites. 
C)  the drug's lipid solubility. 
D)  is equal to the length of time it takes for phase I metabolism to occur. 
A)  is fairly constant, ranging from 10-20 hours. 
B)  is longer for drugs like Valium and Librium that have active metabolites. 
C)  the drug's lipid solubility. 
D)  is equal to the length of time it takes for phase I metabolism to occur.

Question 12

One significant problem with using antidepressants to relieve anxiety is that they

Accepted Answer

A)  can take 4 to 6 weeks to work (such as in the case of SSRIs). 
B)  generally have more significant side effect profiles than other anxiolytic drugs. 
C)  have more abuse potential than other anxiolytic drugs. 
D)  are only helpful in treating anxiety in a small portion of the population. 
A)  can take 4 to 6 weeks to work (such as in the case of SSRIs). 
B)  generally have more significant side effect profiles than other anxiolytic drugs. 
C)  have more abuse potential than other anxiolytic drugs. 
D)  are only helpful in treating anxiety in a small portion of the population.

Question 13

Explain how barbiturates and benzodiazepines affect the GABA receptor complex. How does this relate to their clinical efficacy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how barbiturates and benzodiazepines affect the...

Question 14

Which novel drug has been successful in reducing symptoms in people with OCD and PTSD?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ritalin 
B)  Ketamine 
C)  Adderall 
D)  Modafinil 
A)  Ritalin 
B)  Ketamine 
C)  Adderall 
D)  Modafinil

Question 15

Describe how CRF acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter to coordinate the brain's response to stressors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how CRF acts as both a...

Question 16

Recent research showing abnormal activity in a region of the brain involved with motor output and behavioral planning of motor actions may have efficacy in the treatment of

Accepted Answer

A)  phobias. 
B)  social anxiety. 
C)  PTSD. 
D)  OCD. 
A)  phobias. 
B)  social anxiety. 
C)  PTSD. 
D)  OCD.

Question 17

Which of the following is an advantage that the benzodiazepines have over the barbiturates?

Accepted Answer

A)  Benzodiazepines produce more metabolic tolerance than the barbiturates do. 
B)  Benzodiazepines have a lower therapeutic index. 
C)  There is an antagonist drug available to reverse the effects of benzodiazepine overdose but not barbiturate overdose. 
D)  Benzodiazepines can are useful as an anesthesia that produces unconsciousness. 
A)  Benzodiazepines produce more metabolic tolerance than the barbiturates do. 
B)  Benzodiazepines have a lower therapeutic index. 
C)  There is an antagonist drug available to reverse the effects of benzodiazepine overdose but not barbiturate overdose. 
D)  Benzodiazepines can are useful as an anesthesia that produces unconsciousness.

Question 18

How is it thought that low doses of psychedelics when combined with therapy work to successfully combat anxiety?

Accepted Answer

A)  The psychedelic experience lowers anxiety levels and this effect lasts long after the drugs wears off. 
B)  The dissociative, mystic, and empathogenic effects of the drugs may allow patients to more readily identify and face underlying trauma. 
C)  Psychedelic drugs enhance parasympathetic nervous system activity. 
D)  Psychedelic drugs cause sedation and sleep, thereby lowering acute anxiety. 
A)  The psychedelic experience lowers anxiety levels and this effect lasts long after the drugs wears off. 
B)  The dissociative, mystic, and empathogenic effects of the drugs may allow patients to more readily identify and face underlying trauma. 
C)  Psychedelic drugs enhance parasympathetic nervous system activity. 
D)  Psychedelic drugs cause sedation and sleep, thereby lowering acute anxiety.

Question 19

Acute, relatively brief anxiety is most effectively treated with

Accepted Answer

A)  tricyclic antidepressants. 
B)  cognitive behavior therapy. 
C)  benzodiazepine medications. 
D)  barbiturates. 
A)  tricyclic antidepressants. 
B)  cognitive behavior therapy. 
C)  benzodiazepine medications. 
D)  barbiturates.

Question 20

All of the following occur during anxiety except

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. 
B)  sleep disturbances. 
C)  activation of the fight-or-flight response. 
D)  impaired concentration. 
A)  stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. 
B)  sleep disturbances. 
C)  activation of the fight-or-flight response. 
D)  impaired concentration.

Which of the following has been implicated as a risk factor or trigger in panic disorder?

Explain the evidence supporting a role for both genes and environment (especially exposure to early stress) in the expression of anxiety. Include physiological and behavioral findings in your answer. How are epigenetic factors involved?

Neurosteroids exert their _ effects by _.

Name and describe the principal clinical anxiety disorders. For each, indicate risk factors and general treatments if known.

Which of the following is a side effect of the barbiturates?

The consequences of early exposure to stress include ___ and depend on both _ and _____.

The research linking serotonin to anxiety is mostly based on

Anxiolytic drugs do not

Anxiety disorders

One downside of buspirone (BuSpar) as an anxiolytic as compared to benzodiazepines is that it

The onset of action of benzodiazepines

One significant problem with using antidepressants to relieve anxiety is that they

Explain how barbiturates and benzodiazepines affect the GABA receptor complex. How does this relate to their clinical efficacy?

Which novel drug has been successful in reducing symptoms in people with OCD and PTSD?

Describe how CRF acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter to coordinate the brain's response to stressors.

Recent research showing abnormal activity in a region of the brain involved with motor output and behavioral planning of motor actions may have efficacy in the treatment of

Which of the following is an advantage that the benzodiazepines have over the barbiturates?

How is it thought that low doses of psychedelics when combined with therapy work to successfully combat anxiety?

Acute, relatively brief anxiety is most effectively treated with

All of the following occur during anxiety except

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 17: Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Which of the following has been implicated as a risk factor or trigger in panic disorder?

Explain the evidence supporting a role for both genes and environment (especially exposure to early stress) in the expression of anxiety. Include physiological and behavioral findings in your answer. How are epigenetic factors involved?

Neurosteroids exert their _______ effects by _______.

Name and describe the principal clinical anxiety disorders. For each, indicate risk factors and general treatments if known.

Which of the following is a side effect of the barbiturates?

The consequences of early exposure to stress include _______ and depend on both _______ and _______.

The research linking serotonin to anxiety is mostly based on

Anxiolytic drugs do not

Anxiety disorders

One downside of buspirone (BuSpar) as an anxiolytic as compared to benzodiazepines is that it

The onset of action of benzodiazepines

One significant problem with using antidepressants to relieve anxiety is that they

Explain how barbiturates and benzodiazepines affect the GABA receptor complex. How does this relate to their clinical efficacy?

Which novel drug has been successful in reducing symptoms in people with OCD and PTSD?

Describe how CRF acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter to coordinate the brain's response to stressors.

Recent research showing abnormal activity in a region of the brain involved with motor output and behavioral planning of motor actions may have efficacy in the treatment of

Which of the following is an advantage that the benzodiazepines have over the barbiturates?

How is it thought that low doses of psychedelics when combined with therapy work to successfully combat anxiety?

Acute, relatively brief anxiety is most effectively treated with

All of the following occur during anxiety except

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Neurosteroids exert their _ effects by _.

The consequences of early exposure to stress include ___ and depend on both _ and _____.