Question 1

Apoptosis

Accepted Answer

A)  begins with swelling of the cell. 
B)  is a form of programmed cell death. 
C)  involves lysing of the cell and disintegration into the extracellular space. 
D)  typically indicates that a disease process has occurred. 
A)  begins with swelling of the cell. 
B)  is a form of programmed cell death. 
C)  involves lysing of the cell and disintegration into the extracellular space. 
D)  typically indicates that a disease process has occurred.

Question 2

Describe the evidence supporting the proposal that the GABAA receptor family that contains an α5 subunit may play a role in memory.

Accepted Answer

Question 3

In a patient with spinocerebellar ataxis, which is characterized by poor fine motor control and coordination, which GABA pathway is affected?

Accepted Answer

A)  Purkinje cells projecting to deep cerebellar nuclei and the brainstem 
B)  Neural pathway from the entopeduncular nucleus to the lateral habenula 
C)  GABAgeric neurons projecting to the globus pallidus 
D)  GABAgeric neurons projecting to the sustantia nigra 
A)  Purkinje cells projecting to deep cerebellar nuclei and the brainstem 
B)  Neural pathway from the entopeduncular nucleus to the lateral habenula 
C)  GABAgeric neurons projecting to the globus pallidus 
D)  GABAgeric neurons projecting to the sustantia nigra

Question 4

The _______ theory holds that the loss of FMRP causes exaggerated group I mGluR-related functions, including dendritic spine abnormalities and elevated long-term depression which result in the symptoms of FXS.

Accepted Answer

A)  ionotropic glutamate receptor 
B)  metabotropic glutamate receptor 
C)  fragile X receptor 
D)  mGluR5 
A)  ionotropic glutamate receptor 
B)  metabotropic glutamate receptor 
C)  fragile X receptor 
D)  mGluR5

Question 5

Although memantine and ketamine are thought to bind in a very similar location within the NMDA receptor channel, they have major differences and are used for different purposes. Describe the effects of these drugs and the ways they differ in terms of mode of action.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although memantine and ketamine are thought to...

Question 6

Explain how the coincidence detection feature of NMDA receptors may allow them to play a role in associative learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how the coincidence detection feature of...

Question 7

The NMDA receptor

Accepted Answer

A)  selectively opens channels for sodium, but not calcium. 
B)  is blocked by the antagonist NBQX. 
C)  has only a single binding site. 
D)  is responsive to both glutamate and glycine. 
A)  selectively opens channels for sodium, but not calcium. 
B)  is blocked by the antagonist NBQX. 
C)  has only a single binding site. 
D)  is responsive to both glutamate and glycine.

Question 8

Explain how the GABAB receptor is structurally and functionally different from the GABAA receptor.

Accepted Answer

Question 9

GABAB receptor agonists are clinically useful for treating

Accepted Answer

A)  anxiety. 
B)  seizures. 
C)  muscle spasms. 
D)  alcoholism. 
A)  anxiety. 
B)  seizures. 
C)  muscle spasms. 
D)  alcoholism.

Question 10

Glutamate differs from other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5HT) in that

Accepted Answer

A)  only specialized neurons in the brain synthesize and release it. 
B)  it is the only neurotransmitter that causes EPSPs. 
C)  it plays a role in protein synthesis and cell metabolism. 
D)  it can only be synthesized by a single chemical reaction. 
A)  only specialized neurons in the brain synthesize and release it. 
B)  it is the only neurotransmitter that causes EPSPs. 
C)  it plays a role in protein synthesis and cell metabolism. 
D)  it can only be synthesized by a single chemical reaction.

Question 11

Which statement correctly summarizes the translational studies using mGluR5 agonists to treat Fragile X syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Although mGluR5 agonists did not show promise in treating FXS in animal models, they did have efficacy in clinical trials. 
B)  Although mGluR5 agonists showed promise in treating FXS in animal models, they did not have efficacy in clinical trials. 
C)  Although the early mGlurR5 agonists did not improve FXS symptoms, a later drug, basimglurant, did. 
D)  mGluR5 agonists have been proven to reduce symptoms both in animal models and in people with FXS. 
A)  Although mGluR5 agonists did not show promise in treating FXS in animal models, they did have efficacy in clinical trials. 
B)  Although mGluR5 agonists showed promise in treating FXS in animal models, they did not have efficacy in clinical trials. 
C)  Although the early mGlurR5 agonists did not improve FXS symptoms, a later drug, basimglurant, did. 
D)  mGluR5 agonists have been proven to reduce symptoms both in animal models and in people with FXS.

Question 12

Drugs that block GAT-1, such as Gabitril (tiagabine) are useful for treating

Accepted Answer

A)  memory disorders. 
B)  ALS. 
C)  seizure disorders. 
D)  anxiety. 
A)  memory disorders. 
B)  ALS. 
C)  seizure disorders. 
D)  anxiety.

Question 13

After neuronal release, what happens to GABA in the extracellular space?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is removed by astrocytes. 
B)  It is transported by VGLUT1, VGLUT2, and VGLUT3. 
C)  It is removed by the transporters GAT-1, GAT-2, and GAT-3. 
D)  It is removed by the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). 
A)  It is removed by astrocytes. 
B)  It is transported by VGLUT1, VGLUT2, and VGLUT3. 
C)  It is removed by the transporters GAT-1, GAT-2, and GAT-3. 
D)  It is removed by the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs).

Question 14

Describe the role of NMDA and AMPA receptors in the induction and expression phases of long-term potentiation (LTP).

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the role of NMDA and AMPA...

Question 15

Name one GABAA receptor agonist and two antagonists, and compare their effects on behavior.

Accepted Answer

Question 16

The presence of vesicular glutamate transporters and vesicular monoamine transporters in the same neurons suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  cells that contain a lot of glutamate must store it in multiple types of vesicles. 
B)  glutamate can be co-released as a neurotransmitter along with dopamine or serotonin. 
C)  vesicular transporters are not selective. 
D)  gene expression has malfunctioned in these neurons. 
A)  cells that contain a lot of glutamate must store it in multiple types of vesicles. 
B)  glutamate can be co-released as a neurotransmitter along with dopamine or serotonin. 
C)  vesicular transporters are not selective. 
D)  gene expression has malfunctioned in these neurons.

Question 17

VGLUT proteins

Accepted Answer

A)  are found in all cells containing glutamate. 
B)  take up glutamate from the synaptic cleft. 
C)  are identical to the plasma membrane transporters. 
D)  come in three different forms that show little overlap in location. 
A)  are found in all cells containing glutamate. 
B)  take up glutamate from the synaptic cleft. 
C)  are identical to the plasma membrane transporters. 
D)  come in three different forms that show little overlap in location.

Question 18

Which process does not occur in LTP?

Accepted Answer

A)  The AMPA-receptor mediated EPSP is facilitated. 
B)  Calcium influx activates protein kinases. 
C)  AMPA receptors increase in number and sensitivity. 
D)  NMDA receptors are highly activated during the expression phase. 
A)  The AMPA-receptor mediated EPSP is facilitated. 
B)  Calcium influx activates protein kinases. 
C)  AMPA receptors increase in number and sensitivity. 
D)  NMDA receptors are highly activated during the expression phase.

Question 19

Anesthetics strongly enhance _______ receptor activity through an allosteric modulation of channel opening.

Accepted Answer

A)  GABAA 
B)  glycine 
C)  AMPA 
D)  5-HT3 
A)  GABAA 
B)  glycine 
C)  AMPA 
D)  5-HT3

Question 20

It is difficult to assign specific functional roles to glutamate relative to other neurotransmitters because

Accepted Answer

A)  it is found throughout the brain. 
B)  it has very limited activity except in particular neural pathways. 
C)  its inhibitory action on the cortex makes it difficult to interpret. 
D)  it is not found in cortical neurons. 
A)  it is found throughout the brain. 
B)  it has very limited activity except in particular neural pathways. 
C)  its inhibitory action on the cortex makes it difficult to interpret. 
D)  it is not found in cortical neurons.

Apoptosis

Describe the evidence supporting the proposal that the GABA_A receptor family that contains an α5 subunit may play a role in memory.

In a patient with spinocerebellar ataxis, which is characterized by poor fine motor control and coordination, which GABA pathway is affected?

The _______ theory holds that the loss of FMRP causes exaggerated group I mGluR-related functions, including dendritic spine abnormalities and elevated long-term depression which result in the symptoms of FXS.

Although memantine and ketamine are thought to bind in a very similar location within the NMDA receptor channel, they have major differences and are used for different purposes. Describe the effects of these drugs and the ways they differ in terms of mode of action.

Explain how the coincidence detection feature of NMDA receptors may allow them to play a role in associative learning.

The NMDA receptor

Explain how the GABA_B receptor is structurally and functionally different from the GABA_A receptor.

GABA_B receptor agonists are clinically useful for treating

Glutamate differs from other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5HT) in that

Which statement correctly summarizes the translational studies using mGluR5 agonists to treat Fragile X syndrome?

Drugs that block GAT-1, such as Gabitril (tiagabine) are useful for treating

After neuronal release, what happens to GABA in the extracellular space?

Describe the role of NMDA and AMPA receptors in the induction and expression phases of long-term potentiation (LTP).

Name one GABA_A receptor agonist and two antagonists, and compare their effects on behavior.

The presence of vesicular glutamate transporters and vesicular monoamine transporters in the same neurons suggests that

VGLUT proteins

Which process does not occur in LTP?

Anesthetics strongly enhance _______ receptor activity through an allosteric modulation of channel opening.

It is difficult to assign specific functional roles to glutamate relative to other neurotransmitters because

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 8: Glutamate and Gaba

Apoptosis

Describe the evidence supporting the proposal that the GABAA receptor family that contains an α5 subunit may play a role in memory.

In a patient with spinocerebellar ataxis, which is characterized by poor fine motor control and coordination, which GABA pathway is affected?

The _______ theory holds that the loss of FMRP causes exaggerated group I mGluR-related functions, including dendritic spine abnormalities and elevated long-term depression which result in the symptoms of FXS.

Although memantine and ketamine are thought to bind in a very similar location within the NMDA receptor channel, they have major differences and are used for different purposes. Describe the effects of these drugs and the ways they differ in terms of mode of action.

Explain how the coincidence detection feature of NMDA receptors may allow them to play a role in associative learning.

The NMDA receptor

Explain how the GABAB receptor is structurally and functionally different from the GABAA receptor.

GABAB receptor agonists are clinically useful for treating

Glutamate differs from other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5HT) in that

Which statement correctly summarizes the translational studies using mGluR5 agonists to treat Fragile X syndrome?

Drugs that block GAT-1, such as Gabitril (tiagabine) are useful for treating

After neuronal release, what happens to GABA in the extracellular space?

Describe the role of NMDA and AMPA receptors in the induction and expression phases of long-term potentiation (LTP).

Name one GABAA receptor agonist and two antagonists, and compare their effects on behavior.

The presence of vesicular glutamate transporters and vesicular monoamine transporters in the same neurons suggests that

VGLUT proteins

Which process does not occur in LTP?

Anesthetics strongly enhance _______ receptor activity through an allosteric modulation of channel opening.

It is difficult to assign specific functional roles to glutamate relative to other neurotransmitters because

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Describe the evidence supporting the proposal that the GABA_A receptor family that contains an α5 subunit may play a role in memory.

Explain how the GABA_B receptor is structurally and functionally different from the GABA_A receptor.

GABA_B receptor agonists are clinically useful for treating

Name one GABA_A receptor agonist and two antagonists, and compare their effects on behavior.