Question 1

The mode of action of drugs such as such as donepezil, rivastigmine, or galantamine, which are used to treat patients with dementia, is to _______ activity in the brain.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibit AChE 
B)  promote AChE 
C)  inhibit VAChT 
D)  promote VAChT 
A)  inhibit AChE 
B)  promote AChE 
C)  inhibit VAChT 
D)  promote VAChT

Question 2

Why is brain nicotinic ACh receptor subunit composition the focus of much research? List the different ways that subunit composition affects receptor behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is brain nicotinic ACh receptor subunit...

Question 3

Which statement does not accurately describe activity at the nicotinic receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  The channel opens rapidly and depolarization occurs. 
B)  Sodium and calcium ions enter the next cell. 
C)  Prolonged stimulation of receptors can lead to desensitization. 
D)  Nicotinic receptors are found only on specific neurons in the brain. 
A)  The channel opens rapidly and depolarization occurs. 
B)  Sodium and calcium ions enter the next cell. 
C)  Prolonged stimulation of receptors can lead to desensitization. 
D)  Nicotinic receptors are found only on specific neurons in the brain.

Question 4

LDTg and PPTg cells

Accepted Answer

A)  are cholinergic interneurons. 
B)  send cholinergic projections to many forebrain structures. 
C)  utilize dopaminergic signals to control cholinergic cell function. 
D)  send cholinergic projections to the basal ganglia and thalamus, lower brainstem and spinal cord. 
A)  are cholinergic interneurons. 
B)  send cholinergic projections to many forebrain structures. 
C)  utilize dopaminergic signals to control cholinergic cell function. 
D)  send cholinergic projections to the basal ganglia and thalamus, lower brainstem and spinal cord.

Question 5

Myasthenia gravis

Accepted Answer

A)  involves a low production of acetylcholine. 
B)  is best treated by chemicals such as soman. 
C)  involves an autoimmune process that blocks acetylcholine receptors. 
D)  should be treated by neostigmine because it crosses the blood-brain barrier. 
A)  involves a low production of acetylcholine. 
B)  is best treated by chemicals such as soman. 
C)  involves an autoimmune process that blocks acetylcholine receptors. 
D)  should be treated by neostigmine because it crosses the blood-brain barrier.

Question 6

Why would the A12 form of AChE be of particular interest to a researcher whose focus was on motor impairments?

Accepted Answer

A)  A12 leads to ACh release in brain areas involved in motor control. 
B)  A12 leads to ACh inhibition in brain areas involved in motor control. 
C)  A12 occurs at the neuromuscular junction where ACh is released by motor neurons to stimulate muscular contraction. 
D)  A12 release the neuromuscular junction inhibits ACh is release and ceases muscular contraction. 
A)  A12 leads to ACh release in brain areas involved in motor control. 
B)  A12 leads to ACh inhibition in brain areas involved in motor control. 
C)  A12 occurs at the neuromuscular junction where ACh is released by motor neurons to stimulate muscular contraction. 
D)  A12 release the neuromuscular junction inhibits ACh is release and ceases muscular contraction.

Question 7

Which of the following is the most severe toxin involving acetylcholine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Botulinum 
B)  Prairie rattlesnake venom 
C)  Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) 
D)  Black widow spider venom 
A)  Botulinum 
B)  Prairie rattlesnake venom 
C)  Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) 
D)  Black widow spider venom

Question 8

The symptoms seen in genetic myasthenic syndromes are caused by genetic mutations that result in _______ activity and _______ at the at the neuromuscular junction.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased ChAT; excessive release of ACh 
B)  lowered ChAT; insufficient release of ACh 
C)  increased l-dopa; insufficient release of dopamine 
D)  lowered l-dopa; excessive release of dopamine 
A)  increased ChAT; excessive release of ACh 
B)  lowered ChAT; insufficient release of ACh 
C)  increased l-dopa; insufficient release of dopamine 
D)  lowered l-dopa; excessive release of dopamine

Question 9

Long-term exposure to the insecticides known as _______, which produce a nearly irreversible inhibition of AChE activity, is harmful to non-target species, including humans.

Accepted Answer

A)  scopolamine 
B)  sarin 
C)  neonicitinoids 
D)  organophosphorus compounds 
A)  scopolamine 
B)  sarin 
C)  neonicitinoids 
D)  organophosphorus compounds

Question 10

Rats that perform poorly in the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which tests sustained attention, would likely have deficits in ACh in which brain area?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hippocampus 
B)  Cerebral cortex 
C)  Cerebellum 
D)  Brainstem 
A)  Hippocampus 
B)  Cerebral cortex 
C)  Cerebellum 
D)  Brainstem

Question 11

A drug that produces a depolarization block of muscle cells is

Accepted Answer

A)  muscarine. 
B)  succinylcholine. 
C)  nicotine. 
D)  d-tubocurarine. 
A)  muscarine. 
B)  succinylcholine. 
C)  nicotine. 
D)  d-tubocurarine.

Question 12

With continuous exposure to _______, nicotinic receptors become _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  antagonist; desensitized 
B)  agonist; desensitized 
C)  antagonist; resensitized 
D)  agonist; blocked to depolarization 
A)  antagonist; desensitized 
B)  agonist; desensitized 
C)  antagonist; resensitized 
D)  agonist; blocked to depolarization

Question 13

Activation of _______ nAChRs enhances neurotransmitter release from the nerve terminal by depolarizing it, and does not affect firing of the receiving cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  presynaptic brain 
B)  postsynaptic brain 
C)  presynaptic muscle cell 
D)  postsynaptic muscle cell 
A)  presynaptic brain 
B)  postsynaptic brain 
C)  presynaptic muscle cell 
D)  postsynaptic muscle cell

Question 14

Describe the structure and function of the three main forms of AChE of the brain and peripheral nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the structure and function of the...

Question 15

Describe how storage and release of acetylcholine is affected by the following: vesamicol, black widow spider venom, and botulinum toxin. How is botulinum toxin being used in therapeutic and cosmetic settings today?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how storage and release of acetylcholine...

Question 16

Which statement regarding botulinum toxin is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bacterium grows in anaerobic environments. 
B)  It prevents fusion of the synaptic vesicles containing ACh with the presynaptic terminal. 
C)  It is a mixture of seven related proteins. 
D)  It is taken up by cholinergic neurons of the CNS. 
A)  The bacterium grows in anaerobic environments. 
B)  It prevents fusion of the synaptic vesicles containing ACh with the presynaptic terminal. 
C)  It is a mixture of seven related proteins. 
D)  It is taken up by cholinergic neurons of the CNS.

Question 17

Which mechanism is responsible for the pleasurable and rewarding effects of some drugs, such as cocaine and opioids?

Accepted Answer

A)  The excitation of midbrain dopamine neurons by the pontine cholinergic cells 
B)  ACh release from postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system 
C)  Phasic release of ACh in the prefrontal cortex 
D)  Stimulation of K+ channel opening by muscarinic receptors 
A)  The excitation of midbrain dopamine neurons by the pontine cholinergic cells 
B)  ACh release from postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system 
C)  Phasic release of ACh in the prefrontal cortex 
D)  Stimulation of K+ channel opening by muscarinic receptors

Question 18

Which statement regarding muscarinic receptors is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are metabotropic. 
B)  They all inhibit the formation of cAMP. 
C)  They can open potassium channels, causing inhibitory effects. 
D)  They are widely distributed in the brain. 
A)  They are metabotropic. 
B)  They all inhibit the formation of cAMP. 
C)  They can open potassium channels, causing inhibitory effects. 
D)  They are widely distributed in the brain.

Question 19

Black widow spider venom produces its effects by _______, while botulinum toxin causes its effects by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing metabolism of ACh; preventing release of ACh 
B)  blocking ACh receptors in the PNS; blocking ACh receptors in the CNS 
C)  preventing metabolism of ACh; increasing synthesis of ACh 
D)  causing massive release of ACh; preventing release of ACh 
A)  increasing metabolism of ACh; preventing release of ACh 
B)  blocking ACh receptors in the PNS; blocking ACh receptors in the CNS 
C)  preventing metabolism of ACh; increasing synthesis of ACh 
D)  causing massive release of ACh; preventing release of ACh

Question 20

Describe the mechanism of action of neonicotinoid insecticides and the current controversy surrounding their use.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the mechanism of action of neonicotinoid...

The mode of action of drugs such as such as donepezil, rivastigmine, or galantamine, which are used to treat patients with dementia, is to _______ activity in the brain.

Why is brain nicotinic ACh receptor subunit composition the focus of much research? List the different ways that subunit composition affects receptor behavior.

Which statement does not accurately describe activity at the nicotinic receptor?

LDTg and PPTg cells

Myasthenia gravis

Why would the A12 form of AChE be of particular interest to a researcher whose focus was on motor impairments?

Which of the following is the most severe toxin involving acetylcholine?

The symptoms seen in genetic myasthenic syndromes are caused by genetic mutations that result in _ activity and _ at the at the neuromuscular junction.

Long-term exposure to the insecticides known as _______, which produce a nearly irreversible inhibition of AChE activity, is harmful to non-target species, including humans.

Rats that perform poorly in the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which tests sustained attention, would likely have deficits in ACh in which brain area?

A drug that produces a depolarization block of muscle cells is

With continuous exposure to _, nicotinic receptors become _.

Activation of _______ nAChRs enhances neurotransmitter release from the nerve terminal by depolarizing it, and does not affect firing of the receiving cell.

Describe the structure and function of the three main forms of AChE of the brain and peripheral nervous system.

Describe how storage and release of acetylcholine is affected by the following: vesamicol, black widow spider venom, and botulinum toxin. How is botulinum toxin being used in therapeutic and cosmetic settings today?

Which statement regarding botulinum toxin is false?

Which mechanism is responsible for the pleasurable and rewarding effects of some drugs, such as cocaine and opioids?

Which statement regarding muscarinic receptors is false?

Black widow spider venom produces its effects by _, while botulinum toxin causes its effects by _.

Describe the mechanism of action of neonicotinoid insecticides and the current controversy surrounding their use.

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 7: Acetylcholine

The mode of action of drugs such as such as donepezil, rivastigmine, or galantamine, which are used to treat patients with dementia, is to _______ activity in the brain.

Why is brain nicotinic ACh receptor subunit composition the focus of much research? List the different ways that subunit composition affects receptor behavior.

Which statement does not accurately describe activity at the nicotinic receptor?

LDTg and PPTg cells

Myasthenia gravis

Why would the A12 form of AChE be of particular interest to a researcher whose focus was on motor impairments?

Which of the following is the most severe toxin involving acetylcholine?

The symptoms seen in genetic myasthenic syndromes are caused by genetic mutations that result in _______ activity and _______ at the at the neuromuscular junction.

Long-term exposure to the insecticides known as _______, which produce a nearly irreversible inhibition of AChE activity, is harmful to non-target species, including humans.

Rats that perform poorly in the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which tests sustained attention, would likely have deficits in ACh in which brain area?

A drug that produces a depolarization block of muscle cells is

With continuous exposure to _______, nicotinic receptors become _______.

Activation of _______ nAChRs enhances neurotransmitter release from the nerve terminal by depolarizing it, and does not affect firing of the receiving cell.

Describe the structure and function of the three main forms of AChE of the brain and peripheral nervous system.

Describe how storage and release of acetylcholine is affected by the following: vesamicol, black widow spider venom, and botulinum toxin. How is botulinum toxin being used in therapeutic and cosmetic settings today?

Which statement regarding botulinum toxin is false?

Which mechanism is responsible for the pleasurable and rewarding effects of some drugs, such as cocaine and opioids?

Which statement regarding muscarinic receptors is false?

Black widow spider venom produces its effects by _______, while botulinum toxin causes its effects by _______.

Describe the mechanism of action of neonicotinoid insecticides and the current controversy surrounding their use.

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

The symptoms seen in genetic myasthenic syndromes are caused by genetic mutations that result in _ activity and _ at the at the neuromuscular junction.

With continuous exposure to _, nicotinic receptors become _.

Black widow spider venom produces its effects by _, while botulinum toxin causes its effects by _.