Question 1

Describe how behavioral treatment programs based on operant conditioning principles are designed to reduce cocaine abuse.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how behavioral treatment programs based on...

Question 2

Synthetic cathinones have _______ effects as other psychostimulants, and users tend to be _______ in the _______ age range.

Accepted Answer

A)  similar; women; 18 to 35 
B)  similar; men; 18 to 35 
C)  different; women; 30 to 45 
D)  different; men; 30 to 45 
A)  similar; women; 18 to 35 
B)  similar; men; 18 to 35 
C)  different; women; 30 to 45 
D)  different; men; 30 to 45

Question 3

A sympathomimetic drug taken at acute doses would produce side effects such as

Accepted Answer

A)  sedation and weakness. 
B)  digestion of food and slowing of heart rate. 
C)  increased heart rate and vasoconstriction. 
D)  reduced breathing rate and vasodilation. 
A)  sedation and weakness. 
B)  digestion of food and slowing of heart rate. 
C)  increased heart rate and vasoconstriction. 
D)  reduced breathing rate and vasodilation.

Question 4

Ephedra

Accepted Answer

A)  is used as a sedative. 
B)  has been approved by the FDA for weight loss use. 
C)  has no effect on appetite or weight, in spite of advertisers' claims. 
D)  has dangerous effects on the sympathetic nervous system. 
A)  is used as a sedative. 
B)  has been approved by the FDA for weight loss use. 
C)  has no effect on appetite or weight, in spite of advertisers' claims. 
D)  has dangerous effects on the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 5

D1 receptor knockout mice do not self-administer cocaine, which suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  dopamine is not important for cocaine's reinforcing effects. 
B)  blockade of this transporter plays a key role in the reinforcing action of cocaine. 
C)  the mutant dopamine transporter is unable to take up dopamine from the synaptic cleft. 
D)  these mutant mice are able to experience cocaine reward but not cocaine reinforcement. 
A)  dopamine is not important for cocaine's reinforcing effects. 
B)  blockade of this transporter plays a key role in the reinforcing action of cocaine. 
C)  the mutant dopamine transporter is unable to take up dopamine from the synaptic cleft. 
D)  these mutant mice are able to experience cocaine reward but not cocaine reinforcement.

Question 6

Describe the behavioral and neurochemical effects of modafinil and indicate the major therapeutic use of this drug.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the behavioral and neurochemical effects of...

Question 7

Which condition will produce the greatest psychostimulant effect, based on dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Intranasal administration of drug 
B)  30% of transporters affected by drug 
C)  IV administration of drug 
D)  Low baseline of dopamine in the mesolimbic tract 
A)  Intranasal administration of drug 
B)  30% of transporters affected by drug 
C)  IV administration of drug 
D)  Low baseline of dopamine in the mesolimbic tract

Question 8

Modafinil is primarily used therapeutically for the treatment of

Accepted Answer

A)  ADHD. 
B)  clinical depression. 
C)  insomnia. 
D)  narcolepsy. 
A)  ADHD. 
B)  clinical depression. 
C)  insomnia. 
D)  narcolepsy.

Question 9

Vaccines against cocaine

Accepted Answer

A)  have not been consistently effective in producing significant reductions in cocaine-induced behavior in animal studies. 
B)  have not been tested in humans. 
C)  could act by creating antibodies that bind the cocaine molecules, reducing the amount of drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier. 
D)  may create antibodies that break down in the bloodstream, causing long-term toxic side effects. 
A)  have not been consistently effective in producing significant reductions in cocaine-induced behavior in animal studies. 
B)  have not been tested in humans. 
C)  could act by creating antibodies that bind the cocaine molecules, reducing the amount of drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier. 
D)  may create antibodies that break down in the bloodstream, causing long-term toxic side effects.

Question 10

Some researchers have hypothesized that optimal prefrontal cortical (PFC) functioning and cognitive performance occur with _______ activation of _______ adrenergic receptors and _______ DA receptors in the PFC.

Accepted Answer

A)  moderate; α2A; D1 
B)  maximum; α1; D2 
C)  maximum; α2A; D1 
D)  moderate; α1; D2 
A)  moderate; α2A; D1 
B)  maximum; α1; D2 
C)  maximum; α2A; D1 
D)  moderate; α1; D2

Question 11

Which technique has allowed researchers to study the effects of psychostimulants on measures like DAT occupancy in the living human brain?

Accepted Answer

A)  MRI 
B)  CT 
C)  EEG 
D)  PET 
A)  MRI 
B)  CT 
C)  EEG 
D)  PET

Question 12

If two people take the same dose of cocaine but one takes it orally and one injects it, they will likely have _______ neurochemical and behavioral responses because _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  different; both dose and route of administration affect response. 
B)  different; response depends more on body chemistry than any other factor. 
C)  the same; only dose affects response. 
D)  the same; oral and injected routes of administration produce the same effects. 
A)  different; both dose and route of administration affect response. 
B)  different; response depends more on body chemistry than any other factor. 
C)  the same; only dose affects response. 
D)  the same; oral and injected routes of administration produce the same effects.

Question 13

Approximately _______ of individuals who develop methamphetamine use disorder experience at least one psychotic reaction.

Accepted Answer

A)  10% to 20% 
B)  30% to 40% 
C)  50% to 60% 
D)  70% to 80% 
A)  10% to 20% 
B)  30% to 40% 
C)  50% to 60% 
D)  70% to 80%

Question 14

One factor that often drives the occasional cocaine user to more regular use is

Accepted Answer

A)  that lower doses can create the same high as higher doses over time. 
B)  the switch to smoking, freebasing, or IV injection. 
C)  the mixing of cocaine with other stimulants to create an even greater high. 
D)  the switch from smoking to snorting. 
A)  that lower doses can create the same high as higher doses over time. 
B)  the switch to smoking, freebasing, or IV injection. 
C)  the mixing of cocaine with other stimulants to create an even greater high. 
D)  the switch from smoking to snorting.

Question 15

Imaging studies have shown that if a cocaine-dependent person view cues related to the drug, a neural circuit consisting of _______ is activated.

Accepted Answer

A)  PFC, striatum, limbic system, and hypothalamus 
B)  VTA, locus coeruleus, and hippocampus 
C)  putamen, hypothalamus, and NAcc 
D)  ACC, hippocampus; and amygdala 
A)  PFC, striatum, limbic system, and hypothalamus 
B)  VTA, locus coeruleus, and hippocampus 
C)  putamen, hypothalamus, and NAcc 
D)  ACC, hippocampus; and amygdala

Question 16

How is it thought that guanfacine and α2A adrenoceptor agonist drugs enhance cognitive function?

Accepted Answer

A)  They strengthen excitatory glutamatergic inputs to the PFC pyramidal neurons, thus increasing the cell firing. 
B)  They increase norepinephrine levels. 
C)  They strengthen excitatory glutamatergic pyramidal neurons to the VTA, thus increasing the cell firing. 
D)  They increase DA release in the dorsal and ventral striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC. 
A)  They strengthen excitatory glutamatergic inputs to the PFC pyramidal neurons, thus increasing the cell firing. 
B)  They increase norepinephrine levels. 
C)  They strengthen excitatory glutamatergic pyramidal neurons to the VTA, thus increasing the cell firing. 
D)  They increase DA release in the dorsal and ventral striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC.

Question 17

Chronic cocaine use results in diminished _______ activity, including down-regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis, release, and neurotransmitter transporter and receptor levels.

Accepted Answer

A)  striatal cholinergic interneuron 
B)  striatal dopaminergic 
C)  PFC catecholaminergic 
D)  midbrain catecholaminergic 
A)  striatal cholinergic interneuron 
B)  striatal dopaminergic 
C)  PFC catecholaminergic 
D)  midbrain catecholaminergic

Question 18

Cocaine binges

Accepted Answer

A)  result in a period of exhaustion, depression, and cravings. 
B)  may involve use of up to 1500 grams of cocaine. 
C)  do not produce an abstinence syndrome. 
D)  typically last a week or longer. 
A)  result in a period of exhaustion, depression, and cravings. 
B)  may involve use of up to 1500 grams of cocaine. 
C)  do not produce an abstinence syndrome. 
D)  typically last a week or longer.

Question 19

Which statement about sensitization to psychostimulants is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It can be divided into two phases-induction and expression. 
B)  Its expression involves enhanced dopamine activity in the VTA $\rightarrow$ nucleus accumbens pathway. 
C)  Glutamate from the medial prefrontal cortex plays a role. 
D)  It results from continuous drug infusion. 
A)  It can be divided into two phases-induction and expression. 
B)  Its expression involves enhanced dopamine activity in the VTA $\rightarrow$ nucleus accumbens pathway. 
C)  Glutamate from the medial prefrontal cortex plays a role. 
D)  It results from continuous drug infusion.

Question 20

Which statement about pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Over 100 blinded placebo-controlled clinical trials have already been conducted to test medications against cocaine dependence. 
B)  The FDA has approved several effective medications that have been shown to help people overcome their cocaine dependence. 
C)  Many drugs that have been tested as potential therapeutic agents for cocaine dependence target some aspect of the dopamine system. 
D)  Evidence shows that high-dose amphetamine treatment (agonist approach) is most promising. 
A)  Over 100 blinded placebo-controlled clinical trials have already been conducted to test medications against cocaine dependence. 
B)  The FDA has approved several effective medications that have been shown to help people overcome their cocaine dependence. 
C)  Many drugs that have been tested as potential therapeutic agents for cocaine dependence target some aspect of the dopamine system. 
D)  Evidence shows that high-dose amphetamine treatment (agonist approach) is most promising.

Describe how behavioral treatment programs based on operant conditioning principles are designed to reduce cocaine abuse.

Synthetic cathinones have ___ effects as other psychostimulants, and users tend to be _ in the _____ age range.

A sympathomimetic drug taken at acute doses would produce side effects such as

Ephedra

D₁ receptor knockout mice do not self-administer cocaine, which suggests that

Describe the behavioral and neurochemical effects of modafinil and indicate the major therapeutic use of this drug.

Which condition will produce the greatest psychostimulant effect, based on dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy?

Modafinil is primarily used therapeutically for the treatment of

Vaccines against cocaine

Some researchers have hypothesized that optimal prefrontal cortical (PFC) functioning and cognitive performance occur with ___ activation of _ adrenergic receptors and _____ DA receptors in the PFC.

Which technique has allowed researchers to study the effects of psychostimulants on measures like DAT occupancy in the living human brain?

If two people take the same dose of cocaine but one takes it orally and one injects it, they will likely have _ neurochemical and behavioral responses because _.

Approximately _______ of individuals who develop methamphetamine use disorder experience at least one psychotic reaction.

One factor that often drives the occasional cocaine user to more regular use is

Imaging studies have shown that if a cocaine-dependent person view cues related to the drug, a neural circuit consisting of _______ is activated.

How is it thought that guanfacine and α2A adrenoceptor agonist drugs enhance cognitive function?

Chronic cocaine use results in diminished _______ activity, including down-regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis, release, and neurotransmitter transporter and receptor levels.

Cocaine binges

Which statement about sensitization to psychostimulants is false?

Which statement about pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence is false?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 12: Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Describe how behavioral treatment programs based on operant conditioning principles are designed to reduce cocaine abuse.

Synthetic cathinones have _______ effects as other psychostimulants, and users tend to be _______ in the _______ age range.

A sympathomimetic drug taken at acute doses would produce side effects such as

Ephedra

D1 receptor knockout mice do not self-administer cocaine, which suggests that

Describe the behavioral and neurochemical effects of modafinil and indicate the major therapeutic use of this drug.

Which condition will produce the greatest psychostimulant effect, based on dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy?

Modafinil is primarily used therapeutically for the treatment of

Vaccines against cocaine

Some researchers have hypothesized that optimal prefrontal cortical (PFC) functioning and cognitive performance occur with _______ activation of _______ adrenergic receptors and _______ DA receptors in the PFC.

Which technique has allowed researchers to study the effects of psychostimulants on measures like DAT occupancy in the living human brain?

If two people take the same dose of cocaine but one takes it orally and one injects it, they will likely have _______ neurochemical and behavioral responses because _______.

Approximately _______ of individuals who develop methamphetamine use disorder experience at least one psychotic reaction.

One factor that often drives the occasional cocaine user to more regular use is

Imaging studies have shown that if a cocaine-dependent person view cues related to the drug, a neural circuit consisting of _______ is activated.

How is it thought that guanfacine and α2A adrenoceptor agonist drugs enhance cognitive function?

Chronic cocaine use results in diminished _______ activity, including down-regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis, release, and neurotransmitter transporter and receptor levels.

Cocaine binges

Which statement about sensitization to psychostimulants is false?

Which statement about pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence is false?

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Synthetic cathinones have ___ effects as other psychostimulants, and users tend to be _ in the _____ age range.

D₁ receptor knockout mice do not self-administer cocaine, which suggests that

Some researchers have hypothesized that optimal prefrontal cortical (PFC) functioning and cognitive performance occur with ___ activation of _ adrenergic receptors and _____ DA receptors in the PFC.

If two people take the same dose of cocaine but one takes it orally and one injects it, they will likely have _ neurochemical and behavioral responses because _.