Question 1

Smoking is a risk factor for bladder and kidney cancers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

In glomerulonephritis,how are the glomerular cell walls damaged?

Accepted Answer

A)  By ischemia 
B)  By lysosomal enzymes 
C)  By compression from edema 
D)  By lysis from complement 
A)  By ischemia 
B)  By lysosomal enzymes 
C)  By compression from edema 
D)  By lysis from complement

Question 3

MATCHING
Match the causes of acute renal failure with examples of specific disorders.
-Prostatic hypertrophy

Accepted Answer

A) Prerenal 
B) Intrarenal 
C) Postrenal 
A) Prerenal 
B) Intrarenal 
C) Postrenal

Question 4

MATCHING
Match the causes of acute renal failure with examples of specific disorders.
-Hypovolemia

Accepted Answer

A) Prerenal 
B) Intrarenal 
C) Postrenal 
A) Prerenal 
B) Intrarenal 
C) Postrenal

Question 5

Anemia of renal failure can be successfully treated with:

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic factor. 
B)  vitamin B12. 
C)  iron. 
D)  erythropoietin. 
E)  folate. 
A)  intrinsic factor. 
B)  vitamin B12. 
C)  iron. 
D)  erythropoietin. 
E)  folate.

Question 6

In chronic renal failure,the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)is reduced below 20% before the disease begins to affect nonrenal organ systems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

How does acute unilateral renal obstruction predispose people to hypertension?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hydronephrosis that develops prevents any further blood from entering the kidneys,which results in an increase the systemic blood volume. 
B)  The reduced perfusion of the affected kidney activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles. 
C)  The pain resulting from the renal obstruction stimulates the autonomic nervous system,causing vasoconstriction of peripheral arterioles. 
D)  The renal obstruction prevents the usual loss of sodium through the urine,causing retention of sodium and water,which increases blood volume. 
A)  The hydronephrosis that develops prevents any further blood from entering the kidneys,which results in an increase the systemic blood volume. 
B)  The reduced perfusion of the affected kidney activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles. 
C)  The pain resulting from the renal obstruction stimulates the autonomic nervous system,causing vasoconstriction of peripheral arterioles. 
D)  The renal obstruction prevents the usual loss of sodium through the urine,causing retention of sodium and water,which increases blood volume.

Question 8

Which are clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection of a patient who is 85 years old?

Accepted Answer

A)  Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort 
B)  Dysuria,frequency,and suprapubic pain 
C)  Hematuria and flank pain 
D)  Pyuria,urgency,and frequency 
A)  Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort 
B)  Dysuria,frequency,and suprapubic pain 
C)  Hematuria and flank pain 
D)  Pyuria,urgency,and frequency

Question 9

Azotemia is associated with a decrease in serum urea levels.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Complications of urinary obstruction include infection.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Two clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome include decreased glomerular permeability and increased proximal tubule reabsorption.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

An alkaline urinary pH significantly decreases the risk of calcium phosphate stone formation whereas acid urine decreases the risk of uric acid stone.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Considering host defense mechanisms,which element in the urine is bacteriostatic,if any?

Accepted Answer

A)  High pH (alkaline urine) 
B)  High urea 
C)  High glucose 
D)  None of the above is bacteriostatic 
A)  High pH (alkaline urine) 
B)  High urea 
C)  High glucose 
D)  None of the above is bacteriostatic

Question 14

Which statement is false about the usual causes of hypercalciuria?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to hyperthyroidism. 
B)  Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to intestinal hyperabsorption of dietary calcium. 
C)  Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to bone demineralization caused by prolonged immobilization. 
D)  Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to hyperparathyroidism. 
A)  Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to hyperthyroidism. 
B)  Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to intestinal hyperabsorption of dietary calcium. 
C)  Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to bone demineralization caused by prolonged immobilization. 
D)  Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to hyperparathyroidism.

Question 15

Renal colic is the principal symptom of renal stones.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which statement is false about the skeletal alterations caused by chronic renal failure?

Accepted Answer

A)  When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)declines to 25% of normal,parathyroid hormone (PTH)is no longer effective in maintaining serum phosphate levels. 
B)  When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)declines to 25% of normal,the parathyroid gland is no longer able to secrete sufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH). 
C)  When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)declines to 25% of normal,there is impaired synthesis of 1,25-vitamin D3,which reduces intestinal absorption of calcium. 
D)  When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)declines to 25% of normal,there is impaired synthesis of 1,25-vitamin D3,which impairs the effectiveness of calcium and phosphate resorption from bone by parathyroid hormone (PTH). 
A)  When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)declines to 25% of normal,parathyroid hormone (PTH)is no longer effective in maintaining serum phosphate levels. 
B)  When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)declines to 25% of normal,the parathyroid gland is no longer able to secrete sufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH). 
C)  When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)declines to 25% of normal,there is impaired synthesis of 1,25-vitamin D3,which reduces intestinal absorption of calcium. 
D)  When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)declines to 25% of normal,there is impaired synthesis of 1,25-vitamin D3,which impairs the effectiveness of calcium and phosphate resorption from bone by parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 17

Which clinical manifestation of pyelonephritis is different from those of cystitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Difficulty starting the stream of urine 
B)  Spasmodic pain that radiates to the groin 
C)  Dysuria and frequency 
D)  Flank pain 
A)  Difficulty starting the stream of urine 
B)  Spasmodic pain that radiates to the groin 
C)  Dysuria and frequency 
D)  Flank pain

Question 18

What part of the central nervous system coordinates the detrusor and urethral sphincter muscles during micturition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spinal cord between C2 and S1 
B)  Spinal cord between S2 and S4 
C)  Pons 
D)  Cauda equina 
A)  Spinal cord between C2 and S1 
B)  Spinal cord between S2 and S4 
C)  Pons 
D)  Cauda equina

Question 19

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into the kidney during micturition contributing to bacterial infection

Accepted Answer

A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma 
A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma

Question 20

What is one of the most common causes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus 
B)  Klebsiella 
C)  Proteus 
D)  Escherichia coli 
A)  Staphylococcus 
B)  Klebsiella 
C)  Proteus 
D)  Escherichia coli

Exam 34: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Smoking is a risk factor for bladder and kidney cancers.

In glomerulonephritis,how are the glomerular cell walls damaged?

MATCHING Match the causes of acute renal failure with examples of specific disorders. -Prostatic hypertrophy

MATCHING Match the causes of acute renal failure with examples of specific disorders. -Hypovolemia

Anemia of renal failure can be successfully treated with:

In chronic renal failure,the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)is reduced below 20% before the disease begins to affect nonrenal organ systems.

How does acute unilateral renal obstruction predispose people to hypertension?

Which are clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection of a patient who is 85 years old?

Azotemia is associated with a decrease in serum urea levels.

Complications of urinary obstruction include infection.

Two clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome include decreased glomerular permeability and increased proximal tubule reabsorption.

An alkaline urinary pH significantly decreases the risk of calcium phosphate stone formation whereas acid urine decreases the risk of uric acid stone.

Considering host defense mechanisms,which element in the urine is bacteriostatic,if any?

Which statement is false about the usual causes of hypercalciuria?

Renal colic is the principal symptom of renal stones.

Which statement is false about the skeletal alterations caused by chronic renal failure?

Which clinical manifestation of pyelonephritis is different from those of cystitis?

What part of the central nervous system coordinates the detrusor and urethral sphincter muscles during micturition?

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into the kidney during micturition contributing to bacterial infection

What is one of the most common causes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity Including Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Including Hypersensitivies

Infection Including Hivaids

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer

Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Disorders of Neurologic Function

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations in Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

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