Question 1

Neuropharmacologists are interested in enzymes for a variety of reasons. Which of the following is not one of the reasons?

Accepted Answer

A)  Enzymes can be identified with techniques such as receptor autoradiography. 
B)  Enzymes are used to synthesize and metabolize neurotransmitters. 
C)  Enzymes regulate the levels of second messengers, such as cyclic AMP. 
D)  Enzymes play a role in complex events, such as drug tolerance. 
A)  Enzymes can be identified with techniques such as receptor autoradiography. 
B)  Enzymes are used to synthesize and metabolize neurotransmitters. 
C)  Enzymes regulate the levels of second messengers, such as cyclic AMP. 
D)  Enzymes play a role in complex events, such as drug tolerance.

Question 2

Drug discrimination testing provides a way to observe

Accepted Answer

A)  how an organism experiences a drug. 
B)  drug-induced euphoria. 
C)  the motor effects of a new therapeutic agent. 
D)  the breakpoint for a given drug. 
A)  how an organism experiences a drug. 
B)  drug-induced euphoria. 
C)  the motor effects of a new therapeutic agent. 
D)  the breakpoint for a given drug.

Question 3

Researchers use 2-DG autoradiography to

Accepted Answer

A)  identify regions of the brain with high metabolic activity. 
B)  locate c-fos expression in the brain. 
C)  identify the presence of objects of different densities in the brain, such as a tumor. 
D)  provide three-dimensional images of the brain. 
A)  identify regions of the brain with high metabolic activity. 
B)  locate c-fos expression in the brain. 
C)  identify the presence of objects of different densities in the brain, such as a tumor. 
D)  provide three-dimensional images of the brain.

Question 4

A researcher is interested in systematically analyzing and quantifying the subtle patterns/paths of a rat's movements after injection of a drug as precisely as possible. Which technology would this researcher choose?

Accepted Answer

A)  CRISPR 
B)  Computer vision generated algorithms 
C)  Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 
D)  Computerized tomography 
A)  CRISPR 
B)  Computer vision generated algorithms 
C)  Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 
D)  Computerized tomography

Question 5

In situ hybridization (ISH) is used

Accepted Answer

A)  for antibody labeling of proteins. 
B)  for detection of messenger RNA molecules. 
C)  to determine location and quantification of receptors. 
D)  to measure second-messenger activity. 
A)  for antibody labeling of proteins. 
B)  for detection of messenger RNA molecules. 
C)  to determine location and quantification of receptors. 
D)  to measure second-messenger activity.

Question 6

Good behavioral tests for drug effects should meet a variety of criteria. Which of the following is not one of these criteria?

Accepted Answer

A)  They should be specific for the drug class being screened. 
B)  They should have high face validity. 
C)  They should be reliable. 
D)  They should be sensitive and show the same rank order of potency as seen in therapeutic action. 
A)  They should be specific for the drug class being screened. 
B)  They should have high face validity. 
C)  They should be reliable. 
D)  They should be sensitive and show the same rank order of potency as seen in therapeutic action.

Question 7

Provide two examples of how genetic engineering has helped neuroscientists understand more about the role of genes, receptors, and peptides.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide two examples of how genetic engineering...

Question 8

What type of activity is measured by macroelectrodes, microelectrodes, and patch clamp electrophysiology? Provide one clinical application and one research application of the use of macroelectrodes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of activity is measured by...

Question 9

Which statement about in situ hybridization is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a very sensitive procedure in terms of its ability to detect mRNA. 
B)  Tissue homogenate, as in the Northern blot or dot blot methods, can be used. 
C)  It is used for global, but not regional, changes in mRNA over time. 
D)  A probe of complementary base-pair sequences to the mRNA of interest is used. 
A)  It is a very sensitive procedure in terms of its ability to detect mRNA. 
B)  Tissue homogenate, as in the Northern blot or dot blot methods, can be used. 
C)  It is used for global, but not regional, changes in mRNA over time. 
D)  A probe of complementary base-pair sequences to the mRNA of interest is used.

Question 10

With respect to identification of the location and quantity of neurochemicals in the brain,

Accepted Answer

A)  if location is the primary goal, then the brain slice method is preferred. 
B)  if quantification is the main concern, researchers are most likely to preserve the intact tissue and prepare it with autoradiography. 
C)  the "soup" approach is most often used for localization of receptors. 
D)  radioligand binding works better for the "slice" method than the "soup" method. 
A)  if location is the primary goal, then the brain slice method is preferred. 
B)  if quantification is the main concern, researchers are most likely to preserve the intact tissue and prepare it with autoradiography. 
C)  the "soup" approach is most often used for localization of receptors. 
D)  radioligand binding works better for the "slice" method than the "soup" method.

Question 11

If you wanted precisely detect the change in mRNA levels responsible for directing the manufacture of a particular protein in a section of the rat brain after treatment with a drug, which technique would you use?

Accepted Answer

A)  Functional MRI 
B)  In situ hybridization (ISH) 
C)  Computerized tomography 
D)  SPECT 
A)  Functional MRI 
B)  In situ hybridization (ISH) 
C)  Computerized tomography 
D)  SPECT

Question 12

Identify the three aspects of the Health Extension Act of 1985 that exist to provide some protections for animals in research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify the three aspects of the Health...

Question 13

A technique that permits researchers to study the function of individual ion channels that are responsible for the action potential is

Accepted Answer

A)  in vivo voltammetry. 
B)  patch clamp electrophysiology. 
C)  intracellular recording. 
D)  extracellular recording. 
A)  in vivo voltammetry. 
B)  patch clamp electrophysiology. 
C)  intracellular recording. 
D)  extracellular recording.

Question 14

Why might it be more difficult to attain high face validity in animal tests of a drug intended to treat a mood disorder as opposed one intended to treat high blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  The animal brain is so different from the human brain that results aren't transferable for mood disorders. 
B)  Mood disorders have symptoms that are not easy to quantify in animal subjects, such as feeling of depression or guilt. 
C)  Animals do not experience mood disorders in ways that humans do. 
D)  It is very difficult to create the proper dose of psychopharmacological drug for animals that can then be adjusted for use in humans. 
A)  The animal brain is so different from the human brain that results aren't transferable for mood disorders. 
B)  Mood disorders have symptoms that are not easy to quantify in animal subjects, such as feeling of depression or guilt. 
C)  Animals do not experience mood disorders in ways that humans do. 
D)  It is very difficult to create the proper dose of psychopharmacological drug for animals that can then be adjusted for use in humans.

Question 15

When optogenetics is used to insert channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in a neuron, activating this protein with light will produce an _______ of _______ ions.

Accepted Answer

A)  efflux; chloride 
B)  influx; chloride 
C)  efflux; sodium 
D)  influx; sodium 
A)  efflux; chloride 
B)  influx; chloride 
C)  efflux; sodium 
D)  influx; sodium

Question 16

In drug development and testing,

Accepted Answer

A)  animal testing occurs in phase I. 
B)  the FDA reviews a new drug application after phase 3 clinical trials are complete. 
C)  about 80% of drugs make it through to final approval. 
D)  generic versions of a drug can be made 10 years after a drug is patented. 
A)  animal testing occurs in phase I. 
B)  the FDA reviews a new drug application after phase 3 clinical trials are complete. 
C)  about 80% of drugs make it through to final approval. 
D)  generic versions of a drug can be made 10 years after a drug is patented.

Question 17

In drug discrimination studies, which agent will produce the same lever-press response as that produced by training with morphine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Amphetamine 
B)  Saline 
C)  Methadone 
D)  Marijuana 
A)  Amphetamine 
B)  Saline 
C)  Methadone 
D)  Marijuana

Question 18

Describe the defensive burying task protocol and what it is designed to measure.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the defensive burying task protocol and...

Question 19

Which procedure would be used for quantifying molecules in various body fluids and tissue extracts from unknown samples?

Accepted Answer

A)  Immunocytochemistry 
B)  In situ hybridization 
C)  Radioimmunoassay 
D)  Autoradiography 
A)  Immunocytochemistry 
B)  In situ hybridization 
C)  Radioimmunoassay 
D)  Autoradiography

Question 20

One reason that scientists are cautious about interpreting the findings from studies using transgenic mice is that

Accepted Answer

A)  genetically modifying an animal may trigger other, nontarget gene changes. 
B)  complex behaviors and disorders are not controlled by single genes. 
C)  a change in only one gene does not provide a great deal of useful information. 
D)  The process of creating transgenic mice is very costly and time-consuming. 
A)  genetically modifying an animal may trigger other, nontarget gene changes. 
B)  complex behaviors and disorders are not controlled by single genes. 
C)  a change in only one gene does not provide a great deal of useful information. 
D)  The process of creating transgenic mice is very costly and time-consuming.

Neuropharmacologists are interested in enzymes for a variety of reasons. Which of the following is not one of the reasons?

Drug discrimination testing provides a way to observe

Researchers use 2-DG autoradiography to

A researcher is interested in systematically analyzing and quantifying the subtle patterns/paths of a rat's movements after injection of a drug as precisely as possible. Which technology would this researcher choose?

In situ hybridization (ISH) is used

Good behavioral tests for drug effects should meet a variety of criteria. Which of the following is not one of these criteria?

Provide two examples of how genetic engineering has helped neuroscientists understand more about the role of genes, receptors, and peptides.

What type of activity is measured by macroelectrodes, microelectrodes, and patch clamp electrophysiology? Provide one clinical application and one research application of the use of macroelectrodes.

Which statement about in situ hybridization is false?

With respect to identification of the location and quantity of neurochemicals in the brain,

If you wanted precisely detect the change in mRNA levels responsible for directing the manufacture of a particular protein in a section of the rat brain after treatment with a drug, which technique would you use?

Identify the three aspects of the Health Extension Act of 1985 that exist to provide some protections for animals in research.

A technique that permits researchers to study the function of individual ion channels that are responsible for the action potential is

Why might it be more difficult to attain high face validity in animal tests of a drug intended to treat a mood disorder as opposed one intended to treat high blood pressure?

When optogenetics is used to insert channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in a neuron, activating this protein with light will produce an _ of _ ions.

In drug development and testing,

In drug discrimination studies, which agent will produce the same lever-press response as that produced by training with morphine?

Describe the defensive burying task protocol and what it is designed to measure.

Which procedure would be used for quantifying molecules in various body fluids and tissue extracts from unknown samples?

One reason that scientists are cautious about interpreting the findings from studies using transgenic mice is that

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

Exam 4: Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Neuropharmacologists are interested in enzymes for a variety of reasons. Which of the following is not one of the reasons?

Drug discrimination testing provides a way to observe

Researchers use 2-DG autoradiography to

A researcher is interested in systematically analyzing and quantifying the subtle patterns/paths of a rat's movements after injection of a drug as precisely as possible. Which technology would this researcher choose?

In situ hybridization (ISH) is used

Good behavioral tests for drug effects should meet a variety of criteria. Which of the following is not one of these criteria?

Provide two examples of how genetic engineering has helped neuroscientists understand more about the role of genes, receptors, and peptides.

What type of activity is measured by macroelectrodes, microelectrodes, and patch clamp electrophysiology? Provide one clinical application and one research application of the use of macroelectrodes.

Which statement about in situ hybridization is false?

With respect to identification of the location and quantity of neurochemicals in the brain,

If you wanted precisely detect the change in mRNA levels responsible for directing the manufacture of a particular protein in a section of the rat brain after treatment with a drug, which technique would you use?

Identify the three aspects of the Health Extension Act of 1985 that exist to provide some protections for animals in research.

A technique that permits researchers to study the function of individual ion channels that are responsible for the action potential is

Why might it be more difficult to attain high face validity in animal tests of a drug intended to treat a mood disorder as opposed one intended to treat high blood pressure?

When optogenetics is used to insert channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in a neuron, activating this protein with light will produce an _______ of _______ ions.

In drug development and testing,

In drug discrimination studies, which agent will produce the same lever-press response as that produced by training with morphine?

Describe the defensive burying task protocol and what it is designed to measure.

Which procedure would be used for quantifying molecules in various body fluids and tissue extracts from unknown samples?

One reason that scientists are cautious about interpreting the findings from studies using transgenic mice is that

Principles of Pharmacology

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and Gaba

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, Pcp, and Ketamine

Inhalants, Ghb, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R : Yates, Lander University

Filters

When optogenetics is used to insert channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in a neuron, activating this protein with light will produce an _ of _ ions.