Question 1

Which statement best describes the ion movement on the cilium of the olfactory receptor cell in vertebrate olfaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Na+ enters the cell and K+ leaves the cell. 
B)  Cl‒ moves out of the cell. 
C)  Na+ and Ca2+ enter the cell. 
D)  Na+ and Ca2+ move into the cell and Cl‒ moves out of the cell. 
A)  Na+ enters the cell and K+ leaves the cell. 
B)  Cl‒ moves out of the cell. 
C)  Na+ and Ca2+ enter the cell. 
D)  Na+ and Ca2+ move into the cell and Cl‒ moves out of the cell. D

Question 2

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which panel best represents the action of a Pacinian corpuscle?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV D

Question 3

Which sense is based on indirect, G protein-coupled receptor activation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vertebrate touch 
B)  Insect hearing 
C)  Insect vision 
D)  Vertebrate hearing 
A)  Vertebrate touch 
B)  Insect hearing 
C)  Insect vision 
D)  Vertebrate hearing C

Question 4

In insects, the most common form of auditory organ is the

Accepted Answer

A)  tympanal organ. 
B)  statocyst. 
C)  cochlea. 
D)  bristle sensillum. 
A)  tympanal organ. 
B)  statocyst. 
C)  cochlea. 
D)  bristle sensillum.

Question 5

Which of the following defines the main transduction process of sound?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hair cell bending 
B)  The vibration of the ear drum 
C)  The vibration of the stapes on the oval window 
D)  Action potentials sent to the brain along the auditory nerve 
A)  The hair cell bending 
B)  The vibration of the ear drum 
C)  The vibration of the stapes on the oval window 
D)  Action potentials sent to the brain along the auditory nerve

Question 6

Which statement about the mammalian vomeronasal organ is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It mostly detects pheromones and other chemical signals. 
B)  It integrates the olfactory information before sending it to the brain. 
C)  It interacts with the olfactory system to amplify the signal. 
D)  It detects chemicals from greater distances than olfaction does. 
A)  It mostly detects pheromones and other chemical signals. 
B)  It integrates the olfactory information before sending it to the brain. 
C)  It interacts with the olfactory system to amplify the signal. 
D)  It detects chemicals from greater distances than olfaction does.

Question 7

Refer to the figure shown.
  The light in the figure is entering

Accepted Answer

A)  from the bottom. 
B)  from the top. 
C)  from the right. 
D)  by diffusion from all directions. 
A)  from the bottom. 
B)  from the top. 
C)  from the right. 
D)  by diffusion from all directions.

Question 8

Refer to the figure shown.
  What electrical outcome on the membrane is the end result of the mechanism shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  An action potential 
B)  A metabotropic response 
C)  Depolarization 
D)  Hyperpolarization 
A)  An action potential 
B)  A metabotropic response 
C)  Depolarization 
D)  Hyperpolarization

Question 9

Refer to the figure shown.
  The sensory process shown in the figure is

Accepted Answer

A)  the bitter taste response. 
B)  the vomeronasal mechanism. 
C)  vertebrate olfaction. 
D)  insect vision. 
A)  the bitter taste response. 
B)  the vomeronasal mechanism. 
C)  vertebrate olfaction. 
D)  insect vision.

Question 10

Bees have ultraviolet light sensitivity because

Accepted Answer

A)  of a photoreceptors with maximum sensitivity to 340 nm wavelengths. 
B)  of a photoreceptors with maximum sensitivity to 440 nm wavelengths. 
C)  of a photoreceptors with maximum sensitivity to 560 nm wavelengths. 
D)  of the aggregate response of the photoreceptors with maximum sensitivities at 340 nm, 440 nm, and 560 nm wavelengths. 
A)  of a photoreceptors with maximum sensitivity to 340 nm wavelengths. 
B)  of a photoreceptors with maximum sensitivity to 440 nm wavelengths. 
C)  of a photoreceptors with maximum sensitivity to 560 nm wavelengths. 
D)  of the aggregate response of the photoreceptors with maximum sensitivities at 340 nm, 440 nm, and 560 nm wavelengths.

Question 11

How would you test whether an olfactory receptor cell responds to an odor?

Accepted Answer

A simple experiment is found in Figure 1

Question 12

The family of GPCRs that sense bitter compounds is much larger and more disparate in amino acid sequence than those that sense sweet or umami. Why might this be adaptive?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bitter receptors do not have to be as sensitive as those for sweet or umami. 
B)  The ability to distinguish between many bitter compounds allows the animal to eat the one most agreeable to its digestive system. 
C)  Bitter compounds are usually toxic, and so the ability to sense a wide variety of them is protective. 
D)  Bitter compounds usually contain dense calories, which help a species survive and thrive. 
A)  Bitter receptors do not have to be as sensitive as those for sweet or umami. 
B)  The ability to distinguish between many bitter compounds allows the animal to eat the one most agreeable to its digestive system. 
C)  Bitter compounds are usually toxic, and so the ability to sense a wide variety of them is protective. 
D)  Bitter compounds usually contain dense calories, which help a species survive and thrive.

Question 13

Refer to the figure shown.
  The sensory mechanism depicted in the figure is that of

Accepted Answer

A)  vertebrate vision. 
B)  invertebrate vision. 
C)  vertebrate sweet taste reception. 
D)  vertebrate olfaction. 
A)  vertebrate vision. 
B)  invertebrate vision. 
C)  vertebrate sweet taste reception. 
D)  vertebrate olfaction.

Question 14

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which panel(s) would be categorized as a phasic receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  IV 
C)  I and II 
D)  III and IV 
A)  I 
B)  IV 
C)  I and II 
D)  III and IV

Question 15

Which of the following confers odorant specificity in the Drosophila?

Accepted Answer

A)  olfactory receptor expressing multiple olfactory receptor proteins 
B)  olfactory receptor expressing single olfactory receptor protein 
C)  Orco coreceptor expressing multiple olfactory receptor proteins 
D)  Orco coreceptor expressing single olfactory receptor protein 
A)  olfactory receptor expressing multiple olfactory receptor proteins 
B)  olfactory receptor expressing single olfactory receptor protein 
C)  Orco coreceptor expressing multiple olfactory receptor proteins 
D)  Orco coreceptor expressing single olfactory receptor protein

Question 16

Choose the best explanation for mammals not being able to process the color reddish green.

Accepted Answer

A)  Mammals are actually able to process the color reddish green. 
B)  Red-green opponent cells lack center-surround antagonism. 
C)  Red-green opponent ganglion cells have concentric antagonistic receptive fields but are also color-opponent. 
D)  Green cone cells are inhibited by red light. 
A)  Mammals are actually able to process the color reddish green. 
B)  Red-green opponent cells lack center-surround antagonism. 
C)  Red-green opponent ganglion cells have concentric antagonistic receptive fields but are also color-opponent. 
D)  Green cone cells are inhibited by red light.

Question 17

Refer to the figure shown.
  The bottom panel of the figure depicts _______ illumination of an _______ cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  central; on-center 
B)  diffuse; on-center 
C)  peripheral; on-center 
D)  central; off-center 
A)  central; on-center 
B)  diffuse; on-center 
C)  peripheral; on-center 
D)  central; off-center

Question 18

When contrasting insect and mammalian sensory transduction mechanisms, which sensory modality has a fundamentally different transduction mechanism between the two animal groups?

Accepted Answer

A)  touch 
B)  hearing 
C)  smell 
D)  tasting salt 
A)  touch 
B)  hearing 
C)  smell 
D)  tasting salt

Question 19

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which taste qualities are represented by the mechanism shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sweet, sour, umami, and bitter 
B)  Sweet, umami, and bitter 
C)  Salty, umami, and bitter 
D)  Umami and bitter 
A)  Sweet, sour, umami, and bitter 
B)  Sweet, umami, and bitter 
C)  Salty, umami, and bitter 
D)  Umami and bitter

Question 20

How could the statocyst of a lobster be manipulated experimentally to cause the lobster to behave as if Earth's gravity were the opposite of its true gravity?

Accepted Answer

If the dense grains in the statocyst cou

Exam 14: Sensory Processes

Which statement best describes the ion movement on the cilium of the olfactory receptor cell in vertebrate olfaction?

Refer to the figure shown. Which panel best represents the action of a Pacinian corpuscle?

Which sense is based on indirect, G protein-coupled receptor activation?

In insects, the most common form of auditory organ is the

Which of the following defines the main transduction process of sound?

Which statement about the mammalian vomeronasal organ is true?

Refer to the figure shown. The light in the figure is entering

Refer to the figure shown. What electrical outcome on the membrane is the end result of the mechanism shown in the figure?

Refer to the figure shown. The sensory process shown in the figure is

Bees have ultraviolet light sensitivity because

How would you test whether an olfactory receptor cell responds to an odor?

The family of GPCRs that sense bitter compounds is much larger and more disparate in amino acid sequence than those that sense sweet or umami. Why might this be adaptive?

Refer to the figure shown. The sensory mechanism depicted in the figure is that of

Refer to the figure shown. Which panel(s) would be categorized as a phasic receptor?

Which of the following confers odorant specificity in the Drosophila?

Choose the best explanation for mammals not being able to process the color reddish green.

Refer to the figure shown. The bottom panel of the figure depicts _______ illumination of an _______ cell.

When contrasting insect and mammalian sensory transduction mechanisms, which sensory modality has a fundamentally different transduction mechanism between the two animal groups?

Refer to the figure shown. Which taste qualities are represented by the mechanism shown in the figure?

How could the statocyst of a lobster be manipulated experimentally to cause the lobster to behave as if Earth's gravity were the opposite of its true gravity?

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

Filters

Refer to the figure shown. The bottom panel of the figure depicts _ illumination of an _ cell.