Question 1

Why do steroid-secreting cells take longer to initiate secretion than do peptide-secreting hormones?

Accepted Answer

A)  They take much longer to create. 
B)  The step of posttranslational processing is much longer. 
C)  They are not stored in vesicles, they are made on demand. 
D)  Only a few cells in the body actually make steroid hormones. 
A)  They take much longer to create. 
B)  The step of posttranslational processing is much longer. 
C)  They are not stored in vesicles, they are made on demand. 
D)  Only a few cells in the body actually make steroid hormones. C

Question 2

Which of the following occurs after a significant blood loss?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase in aldosterone secretion to decrease Na+ reabsorption 
B)  Increase in vasopressin secretion to increase water reabsorption 
C)  Increase in atrial natriuretic peptide secretion to increase blood pressure 
D)  Stimulation of the vessels by catecholamines to dilate the vessels and maintain blood pressure 
A)  Increase in aldosterone secretion to decrease Na+ reabsorption 
B)  Increase in vasopressin secretion to increase water reabsorption 
C)  Increase in atrial natriuretic peptide secretion to increase blood pressure 
D)  Stimulation of the vessels by catecholamines to dilate the vessels and maintain blood pressure B

Question 3

Which hormone related to mammalian nutrient metabolism is secreted continuously?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insulin 
B)  Osteocalcin 
C)  Thyroid hormone 
D)  Glucocorticoids 
A)  Insulin 
B)  Osteocalcin 
C)  Thyroid hormone 
D)  Glucocorticoids C

Question 4

What is the physiological importance of the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal syste

Question 5

Which hormone is direct acting?

Accepted Answer

A)  Thyroid-stimulating hormone 
B)  Prolactin 
C)  Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
D)  Follicle-stimulating hormone 
A)  Thyroid-stimulating hormone 
B)  Prolactin 
C)  Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
D)  Follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 6

Which statement about the mammalian stress response is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glucocorticoids enhance the release of CRH. 
B)  Cytokines stimulate the release of CRH. 
C)  ACTH inhibits the production of glucocorticoids. 
D)  Glucocorticoids stimulate immune-system reactions, causing inflammation. 
A)  Glucocorticoids enhance the release of CRH. 
B)  Cytokines stimulate the release of CRH. 
C)  ACTH inhibits the production of glucocorticoids. 
D)  Glucocorticoids stimulate immune-system reactions, causing inflammation.

Question 7

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement best explains the increase in insulin levels seen in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insulin increases after a high-carbohydrate meal in order to enhance the removal of blood glucose. 
B)  Insulin increases after a high-carbohydrate meal in order to stabilize blood glucose levels and store the excess as glycogen. 
C)  Insulin increases after any meal in order to enhance the uptake of the broken-down biomolecules into the blood from the intestines. 
D)  Insulin increases after a high-protein meal in order to promote the incorporation of absorbed amino acids into body proteins. 
A)  Insulin increases after a high-carbohydrate meal in order to enhance the removal of blood glucose. 
B)  Insulin increases after a high-carbohydrate meal in order to stabilize blood glucose levels and store the excess as glycogen. 
C)  Insulin increases after any meal in order to enhance the uptake of the broken-down biomolecules into the blood from the intestines. 
D)  Insulin increases after a high-protein meal in order to promote the incorporation of absorbed amino acids into body proteins.

Question 8

Which statement regarding vitamin D is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inactive vitamin D is also called cholecalciferol. 
B)  Vitamin D can be obtained only through diet and from vitamin supplements. 
C)  Cholecalciferol is converted to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver. 
D)  In the kidney, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is converted to 1,25(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D. 
A)  Inactive vitamin D is also called cholecalciferol. 
B)  Vitamin D can be obtained only through diet and from vitamin supplements. 
C)  Cholecalciferol is converted to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver. 
D)  In the kidney, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is converted to 1,25(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D.

Question 9

An anatomically distinct site for the release of neurohormones is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  neurohemal organ. 
B)  anastomosis. 
C)  adenohypophysis. 
D)  paraventricular nucleus. 
A)  neurohemal organ. 
B)  anastomosis. 
C)  adenohypophysis. 
D)  paraventricular nucleus.

Question 10

Which statement about calcium metabolism is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chief cells secrete PTH when extracellular Ca2+ is high. 
B)  C cells secrete calcitonin when extracellular Ca2+ is low. 
C)  High extracellular Ca2+ stimulates C cells and inhibits chief cells. 
D)  Vitamin D is converted to its active form when plasma Ca2+ is high. 
A)  Chief cells secrete PTH when extracellular Ca2+ is high. 
B)  C cells secrete calcitonin when extracellular Ca2+ is low. 
C)  High extracellular Ca2+ stimulates C cells and inhibits chief cells. 
D)  Vitamin D is converted to its active form when plasma Ca2+ is high.

Question 11

Which molecule must be present for the direct production of angiotensin II?

Accepted Answer

A)  Renin 
B)  Angiotensin I 
C)  Angiotensin-converting enzyme 
D)  Angiotensinogen 
A)  Renin 
B)  Angiotensin I 
C)  Angiotensin-converting enzyme 
D)  Angiotensinogen

Question 12

Which statement regarding the feedback mechanisms of the HPA axis is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glucocorticoids enhance the secretion of CRH. 
B)  Glucocorticoids inhibit the secretion of ACTH. 
C)  ACTH enhances the secretion of CRH. 
D)  ACTH decreases the secretion of glucocorticoids. 
A)  Glucocorticoids enhance the secretion of CRH. 
B)  Glucocorticoids inhibit the secretion of ACTH. 
C)  ACTH enhances the secretion of CRH. 
D)  ACTH decreases the secretion of glucocorticoids.

Question 13

Testosterone is synthesized

Accepted Answer

A)  at ribosomes, stored in vesicles, and secreted on demand. 
B)  in the nucleus and released into the blood by diffusion. 
C)  on demand, stored in vesicles, and secreted on demand. 
D)  on demand and released into the blood by diffusion. 
A)  at ribosomes, stored in vesicles, and secreted on demand. 
B)  in the nucleus and released into the blood by diffusion. 
C)  on demand, stored in vesicles, and secreted on demand. 
D)  on demand and released into the blood by diffusion.

Question 14

Refer to the figure shown.
  Arrow I in the diagram points to

Accepted Answer

A)  preproinsulin. 
B)  proinsulin. 
C)  the P segment. 
D)  insulin. 
A)  preproinsulin. 
B)  proinsulin. 
C)  the P segment. 
D)  insulin.

Question 15

Which best explains the formation of a goiter from iodine deficiency?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lack of suppression from TRH causes more thyroid hormone to be released. This continual release stimulates the thyroid and eventually causes it to grow bigger. 
B)  Lack of iodine causes an immune response in the thyroid causing it to swell. 
C)  Lack of negative feedback from thyroid hormone causes more TRH to be released. This continual release stimulates the thyroid and eventually causes it to grow bigger. 
D)  Positive feedback from excess thyroid hormone causes more TRH to be released. This continual release stimulates the thyroid and eventually causes it to grow bigger. 
A)  Lack of suppression from TRH causes more thyroid hormone to be released. This continual release stimulates the thyroid and eventually causes it to grow bigger. 
B)  Lack of iodine causes an immune response in the thyroid causing it to swell. 
C)  Lack of negative feedback from thyroid hormone causes more TRH to be released. This continual release stimulates the thyroid and eventually causes it to grow bigger. 
D)  Positive feedback from excess thyroid hormone causes more TRH to be released. This continual release stimulates the thyroid and eventually causes it to grow bigger.

Question 16

Injections of _______ would likely result in the highest blood glucose levels in a mammal when measured 1 hour post injection.

Accepted Answer

A)  insulin and glucagon 
B)  insulin and epinephrine 
C)  glucagon and epinephrine 
D)  insulin, glycogen, and epinephrine 
A)  insulin and glucagon 
B)  insulin and epinephrine 
C)  glucagon and epinephrine 
D)  insulin, glycogen, and epinephrine

Question 17

How is vitamin D involved in calcium metabolism in mammals?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D is activated when blood Ca²⁺ lev

Question 18

How did many countries significantly reduce iodine deficiency?

Accepted Answer

A)  They supplemented iodine into crops. 
B)  They used iodized salt. 
C)  They fed cows, pigs, and chickens nutrients fortified with iodine. 
D)  The supplemented breakfast cereal with iodine. 
A)  They supplemented iodine into crops. 
B)  They used iodized salt. 
C)  They fed cows, pigs, and chickens nutrients fortified with iodine. 
D)  The supplemented breakfast cereal with iodine.

Question 19

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement regarding the arrows is true in both figures?

Accepted Answer

A)  I represents secretion of a neurotransmitter. 
B)  II represents the neurohemal organ. 
C)  III represents release of a neurohormone into the general circulation. 
D)  IV represents venous outflow that includes the hormone. 
A)  I represents secretion of a neurotransmitter. 
B)  II represents the neurohemal organ. 
C)  III represents release of a neurohormone into the general circulation. 
D)  IV represents venous outflow that includes the hormone.

Question 20

How can the same hormone can have a completely different function in 2 different species?

Accepted Answer

A)  The origin of the hormone is different. 
B)  The affected tissues are different. 
C)  The second messenger systems inside the cell bring about a different action. 
D)  The receptors are different. 
A)  The origin of the hormone is different. 
B)  The affected tissues are different. 
C)  The second messenger systems inside the cell bring about a different action. 
D)  The receptors are different.

Exam 16: Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Why do steroid-secreting cells take longer to initiate secretion than do peptide-secreting hormones?

Which of the following occurs after a significant blood loss?

Which hormone related to mammalian nutrient metabolism is secreted continuously?

What is the physiological importance of the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system?

Which hormone is direct acting?

Which statement about the mammalian stress response is true?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement best explains the increase in insulin levels seen in the figure?

Which statement regarding vitamin D is false?

An anatomically distinct site for the release of neurohormones is called a(n)

Which statement about calcium metabolism is true?

Which molecule must be present for the direct production of angiotensin II?

Which statement regarding the feedback mechanisms of the HPA axis is true?

Testosterone is synthesized

Refer to the figure shown. Arrow I in the diagram points to

Which best explains the formation of a goiter from iodine deficiency?

Injections of _______ would likely result in the highest blood glucose levels in a mammal when measured 1 hour post injection.

How is vitamin D involved in calcium metabolism in mammals?

How did many countries significantly reduce iodine deficiency?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement regarding the arrows is true in both figures?

How can the same hormone can have a completely different function in 2 different species?

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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