Question 1

Which description for mammals breathing in hot environments, is the most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  The walls of the nasal passage are warmed by the process of inhalation. Cold exhaled air gets warmed as it passes by these warmed surfaces. 
B)  The walls of the nasal passage are warmed by the process of inhalation. Warm exhaled air gets warmed as it passes by these warmed surfaces. 
C)  The walls of the nasal passage are cooled by the process of inhalation. Cold exhaled air gets cooled as it passes by these cooled surfaces. 
D)  The walls of the nasal passage are cooled by the process of inhalation. Warm exhaled air gets cooled as it passes by these cooled surfaces. 
A)  The walls of the nasal passage are warmed by the process of inhalation. Cold exhaled air gets warmed as it passes by these warmed surfaces. 
B)  The walls of the nasal passage are warmed by the process of inhalation. Warm exhaled air gets warmed as it passes by these warmed surfaces. 
C)  The walls of the nasal passage are cooled by the process of inhalation. Cold exhaled air gets cooled as it passes by these cooled surfaces. 
D)  The walls of the nasal passage are cooled by the process of inhalation. Warm exhaled air gets cooled as it passes by these cooled surfaces. D

Question 2

Refer to the figure shown.
  Why is preformed water in food not a consistent value?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humidity affects the amount of water in the food. 
B)  Increased metabolic rate affects the water absorbed from the food. 
C)  Metabolic water is decreased in deceased humidity. 
D)  Evaporative water loss increases in decreasing humidity. 
A)  Humidity affects the amount of water in the food. 
B)  Increased metabolic rate affects the water absorbed from the food. 
C)  Metabolic water is decreased in deceased humidity. 
D)  Evaporative water loss increases in decreasing humidity. A

Question 3

If the sodium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 456 mmol/kg of H2O, the intracellular sodium concentration is _______ mmol/kg of H2O.

Accepted Answer

A)  5 
B)  300 
C)  456 
D)  1056 
A)  5 
B)  300 
C)  456 
D)  1056 A

Question 4

In frogs, if the chloride concentration in the ambient environment increased, chloride intake from the environment would

Accepted Answer

A)  continue to occur by diffusion. 
B)  continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. 
C)  continue to occur by active transport. 
D)  cease to occur by diffusion. 
A)  continue to occur by diffusion. 
B)  continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. 
C)  continue to occur by active transport. 
D)  cease to occur by diffusion.

Question 5

If the blood osmolarity of a freshwater animal is 100 mOsm, the freshwater osmolarity is about _______ mOsm.

Accepted Answer

A)  90 
B)  100 
C)  110 
D)  120 
A)  90 
B)  100 
C)  110 
D)  120

Question 6

How do amphibians in the desert prevent water loss?

Accepted Answer

A)  They have significantly reduced water requirements. 
B)  They use burrows to avoid the heat. 
C)  They have very thick skin. 
D)  They have the ability to produce highly concentrated urine. 
A)  They have significantly reduced water requirements. 
B)  They use burrows to avoid the heat. 
C)  They have very thick skin. 
D)  They have the ability to produce highly concentrated urine.

Question 7

If you take a freshwater animal and transfer it to seawater for 60 days, what do you expect to see when you perform immunocytochemistry?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and decreased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae 
B)  Increased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and increased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae 
C)  Decreased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and increased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae 
D)  Decreased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and decreased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae 
A)  Increased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and decreased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae 
B)  Increased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and increased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae 
C)  Decreased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and increased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae 
D)  Decreased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and decreased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae

Question 8

Which organelle is the most important in moving sodium and chloride in freshwater animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nucleus 
B)  Mitochondria 
C)  Rough endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  Lysosomes 
A)  Nucleus 
B)  Mitochondria 
C)  Rough endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  Lysosomes

Question 9

What conditions lead to an increase in the number of MRCs in the gills of fish?

Accepted Answer

The number of MRCs in the gill epitheliu

Question 10

Fresh water animals' integuments have low permeability so that

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP production is great enough to maintain normal blood composition. 
B)  the rate of ion exchange is maximized without the expenditure of energy. 
C)  the rate of water exchange is minimized without the expenditure of energy. 
D)  ATP production is great enough to maintain normal intracellular fluid concentration. 
A)  ATP production is great enough to maintain normal blood composition. 
B)  the rate of ion exchange is maximized without the expenditure of energy. 
C)  the rate of water exchange is minimized without the expenditure of energy. 
D)  ATP production is great enough to maintain normal intracellular fluid concentration.

Question 11

If the potassium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 22 mmol/kg of H2O, the intracellular potassium concentration is _______ mmol/kg of H2O.

Accepted Answer

A)  5 
B)  12 
C)  22 
D)  400 
A)  5 
B)  12 
C)  22 
D)  400

Question 12

Which animal is not a hyposmotic regulator?

Accepted Answer

A)  Arthropod that lives in saline water 
B)  Marine reptile 
C)  Marine mammal 
D)  Marine echinoderm 
A)  Arthropod that lives in saline water 
B)  Marine reptile 
C)  Marine mammal 
D)  Marine echinoderm

Question 13

Gills in freshwater crayfish provide a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  advantage for oxygen intake but a disadvantage for water intake. 
B)  advantage for oxygen intake and an advantage for water intake. 
C)  disadvantage for oxygen intake and a disadvantage for water intake. 
D)  disadvantage for oxygen intake but an advantage for water intake. 
A)  advantage for oxygen intake but a disadvantage for water intake. 
B)  advantage for oxygen intake and an advantage for water intake. 
C)  disadvantage for oxygen intake and a disadvantage for water intake. 
D)  disadvantage for oxygen intake but an advantage for water intake.

Question 14

Choose the likely explanation for the evolution of salt glands in ocean birds.

Accepted Answer

A)  Ocean birds eliminate too much water via their kidneys such that they cannot process the excess salt. 
B)  All ocean birds need to be able to drink seawater. 
C)  Ocean bird kidneys cannot significantly concentrate urine enough to eliminate the excess salts consumed in their diet. 
D)  Ocean bird kidneys cannot significantly eliminate uric acid enough to eliminate the excess salts consumed in their diet. 
A)  Ocean birds eliminate too much water via their kidneys such that they cannot process the excess salt. 
B)  All ocean birds need to be able to drink seawater. 
C)  Ocean bird kidneys cannot significantly concentrate urine enough to eliminate the excess salts consumed in their diet. 
D)  Ocean bird kidneys cannot significantly eliminate uric acid enough to eliminate the excess salts consumed in their diet.

Question 15

The bicarbonate that is pumped out of the gills, from freshwater fish into the water, comes from

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon dioxide. 
B)  consumption of food rich in sodium bicarbonate. 
C)  protein metabolism. 
D)  glycolysis. 
A)  carbon dioxide. 
B)  consumption of food rich in sodium bicarbonate. 
C)  protein metabolism. 
D)  glycolysis.

Question 16

In terrestrial amphibians, the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released from the

Accepted Answer

A)  anterior pituitary. 
B)  hypothalamus. 
C)  neurohypophysis. 
D)  thyroid. 
A)  anterior pituitary. 
B)  hypothalamus. 
C)  neurohypophysis. 
D)  thyroid.

Question 17

In frogs, if the sodium concentration in the ambient environment increased, sodium intake from the environment would

Accepted Answer

A)  continue to occur by diffusion. 
B)  continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. 
C)  continue to occur by primary active transport. 
D)  cease to occur by diffusion. 
A)  continue to occur by diffusion. 
B)  continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. 
C)  continue to occur by primary active transport. 
D)  cease to occur by diffusion.

Question 18

Refer to the figure shown.
  How would you categorize the blue crab?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hyperosmotic regulator 
B)  Hyper-isosmotic regulator 
C)  Hypo-isosmotic regulator 
D)  Hyperosmotic conformer 
A)  Hyperosmotic regulator 
B)  Hyper-isosmotic regulator 
C)  Hypo-isosmotic regulator 
D)  Hyperosmotic conformer

Question 19

Which organism has the highest concentration of sodium ions in its plasma?

Accepted Answer

A)  Freshwater mussels 
B)  Crayfish 
C)  Brown trout 
D)  Frogs 
A)  Freshwater mussels 
B)  Crayfish 
C)  Brown trout 
D)  Frogs

Question 20

Which animal has the highest weight-specific total rate of evaporative water loss?

Accepted Answer

A)  Screech owl 
B)  Zebra finch 
C)  Budgerigar 
D)  House wren 
A)  Screech owl 
B)  Zebra finch 
C)  Budgerigar 
D)  House wren

Exam 28: Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

Which description for mammals breathing in hot environments, is the most accurate?

Refer to the figure shown. Why is preformed water in food not a consistent value?

If the sodium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 456 mmol/kg of H2O, the intracellular sodium concentration is _______ mmol/kg of H2O.

In frogs, if the chloride concentration in the ambient environment increased, chloride intake from the environment would

If the blood osmolarity of a freshwater animal is 100 mOsm, the freshwater osmolarity is about _______ mOsm.

How do amphibians in the desert prevent water loss?

If you take a freshwater animal and transfer it to seawater for 60 days, what do you expect to see when you perform immunocytochemistry?

Which organelle is the most important in moving sodium and chloride in freshwater animals?

What conditions lead to an increase in the number of MRCs in the gills of fish?

Fresh water animals' integuments have low permeability so that

If the potassium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 22 mmol/kg of H2O, the intracellular potassium concentration is _______ mmol/kg of H2O.

Which animal is not a hyposmotic regulator?

Gills in freshwater crayfish provide a(n)

Choose the likely explanation for the evolution of salt glands in ocean birds.

The bicarbonate that is pumped out of the gills, from freshwater fish into the water, comes from

In terrestrial amphibians, the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released from the

In frogs, if the sodium concentration in the ambient environment increased, sodium intake from the environment would

Refer to the figure shown. How would you categorize the blue crab?

Which organism has the highest concentration of sodium ions in its plasma?

Which animal has the highest weight-specific total rate of evaporative water loss?

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Filters

If the sodium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 456 mmol/kg of H₂O, the intracellular sodium concentration is _______ mmol/kg of H₂O.

If the potassium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 22 mmol/kg of H₂O, the intracellular potassium concentration is _______ mmol/kg of H₂O.