Question 1

List and briefly explain three factors that determine the rate of passive exchange of water and ions.

Accepted Answer

1) The magnitudes of the osmotic and ion

Question 2

Refer to the figure shown.
  Overall, which animal represented in the graph is the best osmotic regulator?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blue crab 
B)  Lined shore crab 
C)  Brine shrimp 
D)  Carp 
A)  Blue crab 
B)  Lined shore crab 
C)  Brine shrimp 
D)  Carp

Question 3

If an octopus has an osmolarity of 300 mOsm, the environment it lives in must have an osmolarity of _______ mOsm.

Accepted Answer

A)  150 
B)  200 
C)  250 
D)  300 
A)  150 
B)  200 
C)  250 
D)  300

Question 4

Describe the structure of the gills and explain another role they serve, in addition to being respiratory organs.

Accepted Answer

The gills of teleost fish carry out two

Question 5

When a marine teleost drinks seawater,

Accepted Answer

A)  it immediately rehydrates the animal. 
B)  it immediately desiccates the animal. 
C)  it must process the excess sodium chloride consumed at the gills. 
D)  it must process the excess sodium chloride consumed at the kidney. 
A)  it immediately rehydrates the animal. 
B)  it immediately desiccates the animal. 
C)  it must process the excess sodium chloride consumed at the gills. 
D)  it must process the excess sodium chloride consumed at the kidney.

Question 6

Explain how teleosts can drink hyperosmotic seawater to replenish water loss by diffusion and excretion.

Accepted Answer

In several species studied, ingested sea

Question 7

In early freshwater fish larvae, the major site of chloride exchange is the

Accepted Answer

A)  kidney. 
B)  gill. 
C)  skin. 
D)  heart. 
A)  kidney. 
B)  gill. 
C)  skin. 
D)  heart.

Question 8

The blood osmotic pressure of marine teleosts is about _______ mOsm _______ than the environmental osmotic pressure.

Accepted Answer

A)  300; lower 
B)  300; higher 
C)  600; higher 
D)  600; lower 
A)  300; lower 
B)  300; higher 
C)  600; higher 
D)  600; lower

Question 9

Which statement regarding ionic movement across the gills of marine animals is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sodium moves faster than chloride because of the overall positive charge inside the gill epithelium. 
B)  Sodium moves faster than chloride because of the overall negative charge inside the gill epithelium. 
C)  Sodium moves slower than chloride because of the overall positive charge inside the gill epithelium. 
D)  Sodium moves slower than chloride because of the overall negative charge inside the gill epithelium. 
A)  Sodium moves faster than chloride because of the overall positive charge inside the gill epithelium. 
B)  Sodium moves faster than chloride because of the overall negative charge inside the gill epithelium. 
C)  Sodium moves slower than chloride because of the overall positive charge inside the gill epithelium. 
D)  Sodium moves slower than chloride because of the overall negative charge inside the gill epithelium.

Question 10

The antennal gland opens at the base of the

Accepted Answer

A)  first antenna. 
B)  second antenna. 
C)  first limb. 
D)  second limb. 
A)  first antenna. 
B)  second antenna. 
C)  first limb. 
D)  second limb.

Question 11

Refer to the figure shown.
  Taking into account both numerical scales and shape on both graphs, which line most closely represents that of a Pacific salmon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blue crab 
B)  Carp 
C)  Fiddler crab 
D)  Brine shrimp 
A)  Blue crab 
B)  Carp 
C)  Fiddler crab 
D)  Brine shrimp

Question 12

Which statement best describes the movement of sodium in freshwater fish?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (2-3 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (240 µmole per day). 
B)  Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (240 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (2-3 µmole per day). 
C)  Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (2-3 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (2-3 µmole per day). 
D)  Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (100 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (200 µmole per day). 
A)  Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (2-3 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (240 µmole per day). 
B)  Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (240 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (2-3 µmole per day). 
C)  Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (2-3 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (2-3 µmole per day). 
D)  Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (100 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (200 µmole per day).

Question 13

MRCs are abundant with Na+-K+-ATPases. In each cell, there are about _______ Na+-K+-ATPase molecules.

Accepted Answer

A)  100,000 
B)  1,000,000 
C)  10,000,000 
D)  100,000,000 
A)  100,000 
B)  1,000,000 
C)  10,000,000 
D)  100,000,000

Question 14

Animals that leave a freshwater environment to breed in a saltwater environment are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  anadromous. 
B)  catadromous. 
C)  anadromous and stenohaline. 
D)  catadromous and stenohaline. 
A)  anadromous. 
B)  catadromous. 
C)  anadromous and stenohaline. 
D)  catadromous and stenohaline.

Question 15

In terms of its lifecycle, the European eel is classified as

Accepted Answer

A)  anadromous. 
B)  catadromous. 
C)  hyperosmotic. 
D)  hyposmotic. 
A)  anadromous. 
B)  catadromous. 
C)  hyperosmotic. 
D)  hyposmotic.

Question 16

Virtually all the resistance to water across the integument of xeric animals resides

Accepted Answer

A)  in the thickness of the epidermis. 
B)  in microscopically thin lipid layers. 
C)  in the physical toughness of the integument. 
D)  in the tightness of the interlocking scales. 
A)  in the thickness of the epidermis. 
B)  in microscopically thin lipid layers. 
C)  in the physical toughness of the integument. 
D)  in the tightness of the interlocking scales.

Question 17

Explain how rate of water loss is correlated with oxygen consumption.

Accepted Answer

Rate of water loss is correlated with ox

Question 18

Why is volume regulation at odds with ionic regulation in marine teleost fish?

Accepted Answer

A)  Volume regulation is not at odds with ionic regulation in marine teleost fish, only in freshwater teleost fish. 
B)  Salts in the marine teleost absorb water from the ocean, which must be eliminated. 
C)  In order to maintain osmotic balance, salts must be taken in from the ocean water. 
D)  The only way to obtain water is to drink it, which loads more salt into the animal which must be eliminated. 
A)  Volume regulation is not at odds with ionic regulation in marine teleost fish, only in freshwater teleost fish. 
B)  Salts in the marine teleost absorb water from the ocean, which must be eliminated. 
C)  In order to maintain osmotic balance, salts must be taken in from the ocean water. 
D)  The only way to obtain water is to drink it, which loads more salt into the animal which must be eliminated.

Question 19

Which hormone is controlled to a major extent by the renin-angiotensin system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aldosterone 
B)  Antidiuretic hormone 
C)  Atrial natriuretic peptide 
D)  Diuretic hormone 
A)  Aldosterone 
B)  Antidiuretic hormone 
C)  Atrial natriuretic peptide 
D)  Diuretic hormone

Question 20

You perform an immunocytochemistry technique on fish MRCs and you observe that the Cl-/HCO3- countertransport protein is expressed in greater quantities than normal. The fish must have been living in a(n) _______ environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  acidic 
B)  basic 
C)  pure water 
D)  neutral 
A)  acidic 
B)  basic 
C)  pure water 
D)  neutral

Exam 28: Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

List and briefly explain three factors that determine the rate of passive exchange of water and ions.

Refer to the figure shown. Overall, which animal represented in the graph is the best osmotic regulator?

If an octopus has an osmolarity of 300 mOsm, the environment it lives in must have an osmolarity of _______ mOsm.

Describe the structure of the gills and explain another role they serve, in addition to being respiratory organs.

When a marine teleost drinks seawater,

Explain how teleosts can drink hyperosmotic seawater to replenish water loss by diffusion and excretion.

In early freshwater fish larvae, the major site of chloride exchange is the

The blood osmotic pressure of marine teleosts is about _______ mOsm _______ than the environmental osmotic pressure.

Which statement regarding ionic movement across the gills of marine animals is true?

The antennal gland opens at the base of the

Refer to the figure shown. Taking into account both numerical scales and shape on both graphs, which line most closely represents that of a Pacific salmon?

Which statement best describes the movement of sodium in freshwater fish?

MRCs are abundant with Na+-K+-ATPases. In each cell, there are about _______ Na+-K+-ATPase molecules.

Animals that leave a freshwater environment to breed in a saltwater environment are known as

In terms of its lifecycle, the European eel is classified as

Virtually all the resistance to water across the integument of xeric animals resides

Explain how rate of water loss is correlated with oxygen consumption.

Why is volume regulation at odds with ionic regulation in marine teleost fish?

Which hormone is controlled to a major extent by the renin-angiotensin system?

You perform an immunocytochemistry technique on fish MRCs and you observe that the Cl-/HCO3- countertransport protein is expressed in greater quantities than normal. The fish must have been living in a(n) _______ environment.

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Filters

The blood osmotic pressure of marine teleosts is about _ mOsm _ than the environmental osmotic pressure.

MRCs are abundant with Na⁺-K⁺-ATPases. In each cell, there are about _______ Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase molecules.

You perform an immunocytochemistry technique on fish MRCs and you observe that the Cl^-/HCO₃^- countertransport protein is expressed in greater quantities than normal. The fish must have been living in a(n) _______ environment.