Question 1

Explain the principle of labeled lines.

Accepted Answer

The principle of labeled lines explains

Question 2

Refer to the figure shown.
  According to the letters in the figure, light inducing (activating) an on-center response would proceed through which of the following sequences?

Accepted Answer

A)  I → II → III → V → IV 
B)  I → II → IV 
C)  I → III → V 
D)  I → II → V 
A)  I → II → III → V → IV 
B)  I → II → IV 
C)  I → III → V 
D)  I → II → V

Question 3

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement regarding the regeneration of rhodopsin in vertebrates is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  All-trans retinol is re-isomerized back to all-cis retinol. 
B)  Regeneration of rhodopsin is enzymatic. 
C)  All-trans retinal becomes unbound from the opsin protein. 
D)  An added photon is necessary to change all-trans retinal back to all-cis retinal. 
A)  All-trans retinol is re-isomerized back to all-cis retinol. 
B)  Regeneration of rhodopsin is enzymatic. 
C)  All-trans retinal becomes unbound from the opsin protein. 
D)  An added photon is necessary to change all-trans retinal back to all-cis retinal.

Question 4

Which statement regarding fish taste is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fish taste buds are structurally very different compared to mammalian taste buds. 
B)  Fish do not have taste buds. 
C)  Fish have taste buds on their mouth and skin. 
D)  Fish do not have a sense of taste, only smell. 
A)  Fish taste buds are structurally very different compared to mammalian taste buds. 
B)  Fish do not have taste buds. 
C)  Fish have taste buds on their mouth and skin. 
D)  Fish do not have a sense of taste, only smell.

Question 5

Explain how hyperpolarization of a vertebrate cone will eventually be transduced into a train of action potentials sent to the brain via the optic nerve.

Accepted Answer

A hyperpolarization in a vertebrate cone

Question 6

Compare and contrast vertebrate and invertebrate transduction in photoreception.

Accepted Answer

While vertebrate and invertebrate photor

Question 7

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which letter in the figure best represents only a depolarizing graded potential in the presence of light.

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV

Question 8

What happens in the vertebrate rod in the absence of light?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rhodopsin is activated. 
B)  cGMP is converted back to 5ʹ-GMP. 
C)  cGMP dissociates from Na+ channels. 
D)  cGMP opens Na+ channels. 
A)  Rhodopsin is activated. 
B)  cGMP is converted back to 5ʹ-GMP. 
C)  cGMP dissociates from Na+ channels. 
D)  cGMP opens Na+ channels.

Question 9

In the dark, a cone membrane of a fish will be

Accepted Answer

A)  relatively depolarized. 
B)  relatively hyperpolarized. 
C)  at zero mV. 
D)  photochemically fluctuating. 
A)  relatively depolarized. 
B)  relatively hyperpolarized. 
C)  at zero mV. 
D)  photochemically fluctuating.

Question 10

Which sense perception depends on a metabotropic mechanism for initial signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Auditory reception 
B)  Touch 
C)  Bitter taste 
D)  Acceleration 
A)  Auditory reception 
B)  Touch 
C)  Bitter taste 
D)  Acceleration

Question 11

In the ear, low-frequency sounds tend to displace

Accepted Answer

A)  the whole length of the basilar membrane equally. 
B)  mainly the basal portion (oval window end) of the basilar membrane. 
C)  mainly the apex portion of the basilar membrane. 
D)  only the portion of the basilar membrane between the basal portion and the apex. 
A)  the whole length of the basilar membrane equally. 
B)  mainly the basal portion (oval window end) of the basilar membrane. 
C)  mainly the apex portion of the basilar membrane. 
D)  only the portion of the basilar membrane between the basal portion and the apex.

Question 12

What would occur at location number 4 in the figure in the absence of light?

Accepted Answer

A)  cGMP would detach itself from the sodium channels, causing them to close. 
B)  cGMP attached to the sodium channels would cause them to open. 
C)  Darkness would inactivate rhodopsin by isomerizing retinal from cis to trans. 
D)  Darkness would inactivate rhodopsin by isomerizing retinal from trans to cis. 
A)  cGMP would detach itself from the sodium channels, causing them to close. 
B)  cGMP attached to the sodium channels would cause them to open. 
C)  Darkness would inactivate rhodopsin by isomerizing retinal from cis to trans. 
D)  Darkness would inactivate rhodopsin by isomerizing retinal from trans to cis.

Question 13

Refer to the figure shown.
  If the top panel (activity trace) of the figure is the result of light shining in the center of the receptive field, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The entire receptive field has been inhibited. 
B)  Central illumination has increased activity. 
C)  This is likely an off-center cell response. 
D)  This is likely an on-center cell response. 
A)  The entire receptive field has been inhibited. 
B)  Central illumination has increased activity. 
C)  This is likely an off-center cell response. 
D)  This is likely an on-center cell response.

Question 14

Describe the process of adaptation as it relates to mechanoreceptors in mammalian skin.

Accepted Answer

Adaptation in a skin mechanore

Question 15

Refer to the figure shown.
  The figure shows the activity of _______ cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  bipolar 
B)  horizontal 
C)  cone 
D)  ganglion 
A)  bipolar 
B)  horizontal 
C)  cone 
D)  ganglion

Question 16

Refer to the figure shown.
  The animals that make use of the sensory mechanism shown in this figure are all

Accepted Answer

A)  arthropods. 
B)  arthropods with compound eyes. 
C)  insects. 
D)  vertebrates. 
A)  arthropods. 
B)  arthropods with compound eyes. 
C)  insects. 
D)  vertebrates.

Question 17

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which letter in the figure corresponds to activated opsin?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV

Question 18

Refer to the figure shown.
  How many different (taste) qualities depend on the mechanism shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4

Question 19

Which receptor uses a metabotropic mechanism of signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Photoreceptors 
B)  Vestibular receptors 
C)  Mechanoreceptors 
D)  Thermoreceptors 
E)  Auditory receptors 
A)  Photoreceptors 
B)  Vestibular receptors 
C)  Mechanoreceptors 
D)  Thermoreceptors 
E)  Auditory receptors

Question 20

Which of the following is the most common evolved feature of eyes?

Accepted Answer

A)  A lens 
B)  A retina 
C)  Similar genes regulating eye development 
D)  A rhodopsin-based photoreceptor cell 
A)  A lens 
B)  A retina 
C)  Similar genes regulating eye development 
D)  A rhodopsin-based photoreceptor cell

Exam 14: Sensory Processes

Explain the principle of labeled lines.

Refer to the figure shown. According to the letters in the figure, light inducing (activating) an on-center response would proceed through which of the following sequences?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement regarding the regeneration of rhodopsin in vertebrates is false?

Which statement regarding fish taste is true?

Explain how hyperpolarization of a vertebrate cone will eventually be transduced into a train of action potentials sent to the brain via the optic nerve.

Compare and contrast vertebrate and invertebrate transduction in photoreception.

Refer to the figure shown. Which letter in the figure best represents only a depolarizing graded potential in the presence of light.

What happens in the vertebrate rod in the absence of light?

In the dark, a cone membrane of a fish will be

Which sense perception depends on a metabotropic mechanism for initial signal transduction?

In the ear, low-frequency sounds tend to displace

What would occur at location number 4 in the figure in the absence of light?

Refer to the figure shown. If the top panel (activity trace) of the figure is the result of light shining in the center of the receptive field, which of the following is true?

Describe the process of adaptation as it relates to mechanoreceptors in mammalian skin.

Refer to the figure shown. The figure shows the activity of _______ cells.

Refer to the figure shown. The animals that make use of the sensory mechanism shown in this figure are all

Refer to the figure shown. Which letter in the figure corresponds to activated opsin?

Refer to the figure shown. How many different (taste) qualities depend on the mechanism shown in the figure?

Which receptor uses a metabotropic mechanism of signal transduction?

Which of the following is the most common evolved feature of eyes?

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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